Field kits

TharrD. 1998. Rapid assessment of organophosphate-induced cholinesterase depression A comparison of laboratory and field kit methods to detect human exposure to organophosphates. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 13 265-268. 

Two types of kits are discussed in this section, sample collection kits and field test kits. Sample collection kits will generally contain all sample containers, materials, supplies, and forms necessary to perform sample collection activities. Field test kits contain the equipment and supplies necessary to perform field safety screening and rapid field testing of the air, water, and/or soil. Sample collection kits will generally be less expensive to construct than field test kits. Sample collection kits can be pre-positioned throughout a system, while the more expensive field kits may be assigned to specific site characterization teams or personnel. 

A number of different testing kits based on immunoassay technology are available for rapid field determination of certain groups of compounds, such as benzene-toluene-ethylbenzene-xylene (EPA 4030) or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (EPA 4035, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Immunoassay). The immunoassay screening kits are self-contained portable field kits that include components for sample preparation, instrumentation to read assay results, and immunoassay reagents. 

For petroleum and petroleum product releases in a nonsensitive area (if there is such an area), the analytical methods preferred to determine the concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons in environmental media is the standard EPA test method (EPA 418.1). For initial delineation of the area, test field kits may be used in nonsensitive areas, provided that the results are comparable to laboratory data. Final confirmatory sampling and analyses should be carried out using laboratory analyses. 

These observations made it possible to think of assays outside the laboratory being carried out in two convenient stages extraction of wool samples and exposure of electrodes to potential inhibitors using a relatively simple field kit, followed by testing of electrodes, possibly in parallel, in a laboratory equipped with potentiostats, etc. A separation in time between exposure and measurement of inhibition had also been used by Brown et al. [50]. 

Excavation guidance colorimetric field kits correlation, confirm at a... 

M. Tassa, N. Adan, N. Zeldes, and Y. Leist, A Field Kit for Sampling Gunshot Residue Particles, Journal of Forensic Sciences 27, no. 3 (1982) 671. 

ELISA could potentially be used advantageously in many types of exposure and monitoring situations, for paraquat and other pesticides amenable to ELISA analysis. An obvious use of ELISA is the detection of pesticide residue levels in plant and animal tissues, or food extracts. Biological specimens such as plasma and urine currently analyzed by RIA seem particularly amenable to analysis by ELISA. Portable field kits could be developed to determine safe worker re-entry times into treated fields. Environmental samples such as soil, water, and air, can be analyzed by the ELISA. Pesticide conjugates have been proposed for skin testing of individuals suspected of sensitivity to pesticides (fi.) the ELISA could be used to detect specific antibodies in these individuals and aid in exposure studies. 

Mon omery, R. 1989, Ethnobotanical research field kit Whole Earth Review 64 30-31. 

The demand for routine measurements of cholinc-stcrase activities under field conditions resulted in the development of various field kits. The Test-mate Reid kit, which is currently widely used, is based on the Ellman method. It is a. self-contained portable device comprising a set of reagents and instmetions for use. The Test-mate kit measures AChE and BuChE activities and the hemoglobin content in a drop of blood the activities are automatically nonnalized to 25 C (Wilson, 2001), Oliveira et al (2002) tested three Test-mate kit models (on fetal bovine semm AChE) and compared the results with those measured on a standard spectrophotometer with a 96-wdl microplate reader. The results from the three models showed a discrepancy, and there was also no good agreement between the results of the three models and those obtained from the standard photometric measurement. The authors strongly recommend the use of cholinesterase standards when activities are measured with field kits. 

Excess NADH is then oxidized to NAD to eliminate interference with color development when NO2 from Reaction 18-9 is measured colorimetrically by reactions such as 18-7. For quantitative analysis in the field, a small, battery-operated spectrophotometer can be used with a set of nitrate standards. Alternatively, color can be compared visually with a chart showing colors from several standards. Commercial field kits allow analysis in the range 0.05-10 ppm nitrate nitrogen. Laboratory apparatus provides a precision of 2% when measuring 0.2 ppm NO3 nitrogen, with a detection limit of 3 ppb. Nitrate reductase has been applied to the measurement of nitrate in a classroom aquarium. ... 

Several rapid procedures are described in the following section. Each have their relative merits and deficiencies in terms of interpreting results and all require specialized equipment and skilled personnel. However, developing methods have the potential for being modified and packaged into field kits that can be used outside the laboratory. 

Scott PJB, Davies M. Siuvey of field kits for sulfate reducing bacteria. Materials Performance 1992 31 64-8. 

Some synthetic musk fragrances, widely used in soaps, detergents, and lotions, are polynitroaromatic compounds. As such, they may give false positive results when tested by field kits based on color reactions of explosives. 

Scott, P. J. B., and Davies, M., Survey of Field Kits for Sulfate Reducing Bacteria, Materials Performance, 31 64-68 (1992). 

The use of an infections hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis vims gene probe serodiagnostic field kit for the screening of candidate specific pathogen-free Penaeus vannamei broodstock. Aquaculture 147 1-8. 

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