Polymers naming

This chapter has so far dealt with the major fields of use of vinyl chloride polymers, namely plasticised PVC homopolymer, unplasticised PVC, including impact-modified grades, and copolymers particular based on vinyl acetate. There are, however, five particular special forms of vinyl chloride polymer which merit separate consideration, namely crystalline PVC, after-chlorinated PVC (often known as CPVC) and certain graft copolymers and two vinyl-chloride-based copolymers. 

Reaction with additional monomers leads to the formation of larger rings (3, 4) and eventually to high molecular weight polymers, namely poly-... 

Cartesian and cylindrical polar atomic coordinates of the structural repeating unit of 31 polysaccharide helices are provided in Tables A1 to A31. Errors, if any, in the original publications have been corrected. The coordinates of hydrogen atoms are given in a majority of structures. If missing, they are not available in the references cited in Table I. Each table caption contains the structure number and polymer name assigned in Table I. Refer to Table II for its chemical repeating unit. Cartesian (x, y, z) and cylindrical (r, , z) coordinates are related by x r cost ), y = r sin<(> and z is the same in both systems. 

This extensive hydrogen bonding bears on several aspects of the chemistry and applications of cellulose. For instance, being a semi-crystalline polymer, cellulose cannot be processed by the techniques most frequently employed for synthetic polymers, namely, injection molding and extrusion from the melt. The reason is that its presumably lies above the temperature of its thermal... 

There are two further related sets of tests that can be used to give information on the mechanical properties of viscoelastic polymers, namely creep and stress relaxation. In a creep test, a constant load is applied to the specimen and the elongation is measured as a function of time. In a stress relaxation test, the specimen is strained quickly to a fixed amount and the stress needed to maintain this strain is also measured as a function of time. 

The addition of water-soluble polymers, namely, polyoxyethylene glycol, polyacrylamide, and polyvinyl alcohol, to water/AOT/alcohol/decane w/o microemulsions decreases the intermicellar attractive interactions [190],... 

The term molecule has been purposely avoided in the above discourse for the reason that it cannot be applied appropriately to a most important class of polymers, namely, those composed of indefinitely large network structures. Even In the case of linear polymers, which are composed of finite (although in many cases exceedingly large) molecules, the continuity of structure may deserve greater emphasis than the individuality of the molecules. This is particularly true insofar as properties of the bulk polymers are concerned. 

Applications Pressurised fluid extraction (ASE , ESE ) is still in its early stage of development, both for polymeric and other samples. At present, most applications are found in the environmental, food, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical areas. Few reports describe the application of PEE to the extraction of monomers, oligomers and additives from polymers and most work is very recent. An application note [488] has provided some guiding principles for ASE applied to additives in polymers, namely as follows ... 

Three factors determine the effectiveness of antioxidants in polymers, namely (i) intrinsic molar activity (ii) substantivity in the polymer and (iii) solubility in the polymer. Multifunctional AOs combine multiple functions in one molecule. Sterically hindered amine stabilisers (HAS), such as Chimassorb 944, Tinuvin 622 and Tinuvin 783 are prime examples. 

The encapsulation process used was the LbL method, employing alternately charged polymers, namely PDA [poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)] and PSS... 

The end group functionality of condensation polymers is typically defined by the monomers employed to make these materials. An example is shown below for a common polyamide polymer, namely nylon (see Figure 2). These polymers... 

If R can react with itself or additional components (R contains vinyl, methacryl or epoxy groups, for example), the result of the condensation process is a flexible network of inorganic oxide covalently bonded to organic polymers, namely a hybrid nanocomposite lacking interface imperfections. The properties of this hybrid nanocomposite are intermediate between those of polymers and glasses, and can meet unique requirements. 

The tables are not exhaustive and include only typical and common examples of monomers/repeat units and polymers named after them. Many number of polymers are derived from vinyl unit. Besides this, a general classification as polyesters,... 

Vinyl chloride has been known for over a hundred years and its polymerization to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was achieved in 1912. Industrial-scale production of this plastic began in 1927. PVC is still the most versatile plastic. One of the reasons for this is the numerous variations made possible by the method of manufacture of the polymer, namely by copolymerization with other monomers and their processing. Thus, PVC can be thermoformed on all conventional processing machines if the slight thermal damage is taken into consideration. Machining is easy and the material can be bonded, bent, welded, printed and thermoformed. 

One of the first attempts to extend polymer-assisted epoxidations to asymmetric variants were disclosed by Sherrington et al. The group employed chiral poly(tartrate ester) hgands in Sharpless epoxidations utilizing Ti(OiPr)4 and tBuOOH. However, yields and degree of stereoselection were only moderate [76]. In contrast to most concepts, Pu and coworkers applied chiral polymers, namely polymeric binaphthyl zinc to effect the asymmetric epoxidation of a,/9-unsaturated ketones in the presence of terPbutyl hydroperoxide (Scheme 4.11). 

The order of seniority of subunits is of primary importance in the generation of polymer names. Further classification according to seniority is based on the nature of the subunits (kind or size or both) and, among identical subunits, (a) on their degree of unsaturation and (b) on their substituents (number, kind and locants). The following criteria are applied consecutively until a decision is reached. 

Note The faet that specific structural information, such as the location of substituents, is missing can be conveyed in the polymer name through the symbols -, x- or locant numerals. 

Source-based (co)polymer names [2, 6] are given first, followed by structure-based names [2], if these exist, before the proposed formula. 

The first publication of the lUPAC in the area of macromolecular nomenclature was in 1952 by the Sub-commission on Nomenclature of the then lUPAC Commission on Macromolecules, which drew on the talents of such remarkable individuals as J. J. Hermans, M. L. Huggins, O. Kratky, and H. F. Mark. That report [1] was a landmark in that, for the first time, it systematized the naming of macromolecules and certain symbols and terms commonly used in polymer science. It introduced the use of parentheses in source-based polymer names when the monomer from which the polymer is derived consists of more than one word, a practice that is now widely followed, and it recommended an entirely new way of naming polymers based on their structure that included the suffix amer , a recommendation that has been almost totally ignored. After ten years, the Sub-commission issued its second report [2], which dealt with the then-burgeoning field of stereoregular polymers. A revision [3] of definitions in the original report appeared four years later. In 1968, a summary report [4] of the activities of the Subcommission was published. 

Many condensation polymers are also named in this manner. In the case of poly(ethylene terephthalate), the glycol portion of the name of the monomer, ethylene glycol, is used in constructing the polymer name, so that the name is actually a hybrid of a source-based and a structure-based name. 

In identifying chain segments, the term -co- is interposed between the names of the monomers copolymerized the letter -b- is used to designate block copolymers. Similarly the letter -g- is used to indicate grafted segments. The first polymer named corresponds to the polymer prepared in the first stage of synthesis. 

The Tgs and in some cases, the Tms of several poly(arylene ether-1,3,4-oxadiazolejs are reported in Table 12. The last five polymers in Table 12 display the same Tg trend as seen for other polymers, namely phenylphosphine oxide > sulfone > carbonyl > terephthaloyl > isophthaloyl. The terephthaloyl polymer could be heated above the Tm, and subsequently quenched to the amorphous form, and then annealed at 330 °C to induce crystallinity. Once the Tms of the carbonyl and isophthaloyl polymers were exceeded, crystallinity could not be reintroduced by annealing at 300 to 330 °C for several hours. The Tg and Tm of the isophthaloyl polymer are abnormally close. 

Lundberg and Doty tried to explain the high MJMn ratio by assuming that a small fraction of polymers, namely those which reached the critical size, consumed in their rapid growth all the available monomer. Hence, they starved the remaining chains and thus prevented them from attaining the critical length. This idea was formalised mathematically by Coombes and Katchalski (89), who derived the expression for... 

Monomer Name Structure Polymer Name Uses... 

The interpretation of equation (26) is very simple. The denominator represents the maximum difference that can be observed for the polymer, namely the difference between the values for the 100% amorphous polymer and the 100% crystalline polymer. The numerator is the difference observed between the 100% amorphous polymer and the actual, partially crystalline polymer. The ratio of this observed difference to the maximum possible difference is therefore the fraction crystallinity and, when multiplied by 100, is the percentage crystallinity. 

Other vaginal gels with virucidal properties or capable of interfering with sexually transmitted diseases (in particular with HIV virus) have been reported [25], In particular, gel formulations based on a naphthalene sulfonate polymer named PRO 2000 and dextrin sulfate have been developed as topical microbicides to protect against HIV and other sexually transmitted pathogens. 

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