Abbreviations of polymer names

Analytical electron microscope Atomic force microscopy Backscattered electron imaging 

Confocal scanning laser microscopy (or laser confocal scanning) 

Confocal scanning optical microscopy Differential interference contrast Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy 

Optical microscopy Phase contrast microscopy Polarized light microscopy Scanning electron microscopy Scanning ion conductance microscope Scanning probe microscopy Scanning thermal profiler 

Fiber type Generic name Trademark Manufacturer 

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Table 2. Abbreviations of Polymer Names and the Experimental Temperature- ...

The zero pressure volume, Vq. nd modulus, Bq, are additionally required to complete Eqs. (A3) and (A5). The compilation of these parameters are shown in Table 1. In this table, the abbreviation of polymer names are used. The explanation of the abbreviated names and experimental T-P range are listed in Table 2. Several types of fitting functions are used for Vq. Typically used are. the polynomial and exponential expressions. For the bulk modulus, the exponential dependence on temperature is almost exclusively used. Some other polymer PV T data that are not used to obtain the characteristic parameters can be found in the literature, including blends and liquid crystalline polymers (38,50,55,59-67). 

TABU 2. ABBREVIATIONS OF POLYMER NAMES AND THE TABLE 2. cont d ... 

According to lUPAC nomenclature rules, the trivial names of common polymers do not necessarily have to be replaced by structural names. Therefore, both trivial and structural names of polymers will be used in this book. In general, the standard abbreviations of trivial names will only be used in diagrammatic illustrations (see, for example. Table VII-6). Trade names of thermoplasts, thermosets, elastomers, and fibers will not be used in the text. 

The Chains and Averages of Polymers Table 1.3 Name, Abbreviation, and R Group for Some Common Amino Acids ... 

Recent work on thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) will not be included in this chapter since it is being reviewed elsewhere in the book. Abbreviations for some mbbers and accelerators will be used throughout in place of their full names as shown in Table 11.1. Acronyms for other polymers and additives wUl be provided in the text as required. A short discussion of polymer miscibility and compatibUization of polymer blends will be provided for better appreciation of the subject. 

A vast number of polymer compounds are available commercially. Generally they are known by their polymer type in full or abbreviated (e.g., acrylic, polyvinyl chloride or PVC, high density polyethylene or HDPE), and frequently by a manufacturer s trade name. There is little standardisation into classes based on chemical composition or physical performance, as there is for metals. In reality, a particular chemical composition does not fully define the physical properties, while each class of performance properties can be met by a range of competing polymer types. The current trend is towards further diversification polymer compounds are increasingly being tailored to a particular application. Only in industries where recycling is an issue is there pressure for a more limited number of polymers, which can be identified and separated at the end of product life. 

Beeause both the souree-based and structure-based names of polymers can sometimes be lengthy, abbreviations are frequently used for common industrial polymers. The lUPAC reeognizes that there ean be advantages in some cases to the use of abbreviations, but urges that each abbreviation be fully defined the first time it appears in a text and that no abbreviations be used in titles of publieations. Because of the inherent difficulties in assigning systematie and unique abbreviations to polymeric structures, only a short list has the lUPAC s offieial sanetion [12]. 

This polymer is well known by a number of trade names, such as Dacron, its common grouping, polyester, and by an abbreviation, PET. 

Union of Pure and Applied Chemists (IUPAC) has developed systematic nomenclature rules for polymers. As is the case with many small-molecule organic compounds, the IUPAC names are often complex and cumbersome. Therefore, polymer scientists often use common or abbreviated names, sometimes even product names. Poly[l- methoxycarbonyl)-l-methylethylene] (IUPAC) is almost always referred to as poly(methyl methacrylate), or PMMA, or even Lucite. IUPAC discourages the use of trademarked names, however unless it is importanfto refer to a specific commercial product. The IUPAC Macromolecular Nomenclature Commission recognizes a number of trivial names for common polymers (Metanomski 1999). 

SYNONYMS.LIS This file has the names of polymers and their standard abbreviations. The format is columns ... 

Besides scientific names, many polymers are indicated by their common name, trade name, brand name, or abbreviation (commercial names) [4]. Typical examples of common names are nylon or silicone. Several nylons are known and the name nylon 6 is used for poly[imino(1-oxo-1,6-hexandiyl)], the name nylon 66 is used for poly(iminohexa-methyleneiminoadipolyl), etc. Trade names such as Teflon for poly(tetrafluoro-ethylene) made by DuPont, Nomex for poly(iminoisophthaloylimino-1,3-phenylene), or Kevlar for poly(iminoisophthaloylimino-1,4-phenylene) are also common. Many abbreviations are in use for both homopolymers and copolymers. Table 1.2.1 gives some of the common abbreviations for polymers. 

Symbol and Abbreviation Name of Polymer Examples of Uses for Virgin Polymer Examples of Uses for Recycled Polymer... 

The polymers used in this chapter are all polyfluorene derivatives. They are ABAB copolymers with A being the fluorene group shown in Fig. 2.4(a). Due to their high chemical stability, flexible chemistry and good charge transport and luminescence properties, polyfluorenes are very common materials for polymer optoelectronics and have been used to make highly efficient LEDs [26, 13] as well as good photovoltaic diodes [27, 28] and transistors [29]. Table 2.1 lists the abbreviated and full names of all the polymers that appear in this chapter. The chemical structures of each of the polymers are displayed in Fig. 2.4. 

PHD polymer polyols are a special class of filled polyols developed successfully by Bayer, PHD being the abbreviation of the German name polyharnstoff dispersion or polyurea dispersions [67-69]. PHD polyols contain organic urea, oligomeric or polymeric polyurea, finely dispersed in liquid polyether polyols [67-73]. The difference between PHD polyols and graft polyether polyols is the different nature of the solid polymer dispersed (it is a heterocatenary polymer - polyurea - instead of carbocatenary polymer) which is obtained by another synthetic procedure (polyaddition reaction between a diisocyanate and a diamine instead of radical polymerisation). The reaction between the diisocyanate and the diamine, takes place in situ (reaction 6.19), in liquid poly ether. The resultant polyurea being insoluble in polyether, precipitates in the form of very fine particles ... 

Since there are difficulties in assigning systematic and unique abbreviations to polymers, only a short list has the lUPAC s official sanction. An extensive list of internationally used abbreviations is provided in Appendix I. The lUPAC Macromolecular Nomenclature Commission has published three sets of mles for naming polymers ... 

Tables 1.2 - 1.5 contain a compilation of the plastics discussed in this volume, their chemical abbreviations, and some selected trade names. An extensive table of polymer acronyms on ASTM, DIN, and ISO standards can be found in Appendix 9.4.

Recycling marks on products (Fig. 1.11) allow the common plastics to be identified (Table 1.1). Sometimes numbers are used in place of the abbreviation for the polymer name. 

Table 1 Abbreviated names of polymers with their associated responsivities...

Here, polymers are the final cross-linked polymers, except for BPLP, WBPLP, and BPLP-LA. The full names of polymer abbreviations are listed as follows POC, polyf 1, 8-octanediol citrate) PEGMC, poIy(poIy(ethyIene glycol) maleate citrate) BPLP, biodegradable photoluminescentpolymer WBPLP, water-soluble BPLP iCMBA, injectable citrate-based mussel-inspired bioadhesive CUPE, cross-linked... 

Marking of plastics shall include information on the plasticizer. Symbol P for plasticizer should follow the abbreviated polymer name and hyphen. This can be followed by the name of the plasticizer in parentheses (e.g., >PVC-P(DBP)<). 

Originally the adhesive system consisted of an aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol) solution with an isocyanate cross-linker. At this stage the common name was Aqueous Polymer Isocyanate (API) [3]. Further developments including use of different types of polymer emulsions, like poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), ethyl(vinyl acetate) (EVAc), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) or acrylic-styrene (AcSt) emulsion, led to adhesives systems with improved performance, hence today the common abbreviation is EPI [4, 8]. The isocyanate cross-linking agent has also been further developed to improve the compatibility and the reactivity with the water-based component, thus several different types are now available for use in EPI adhesives. 

Often polymer names are cumbersome and one may want to use an abbreviated letter code, as are listed in Table 1.1. The shorter the letter code, the easier are accidental duplications possible. It is, thus, again necessary to identify a letter code with the lUPAC name. For example, the full statement that should identify the polymer PTFE in a publication is PTFE = polytetrafluoroethylene (source-based name), poly(difluoromethylene) (structure-based name). Teflon (trade name of the DuPont Company). 

Table 1.1. List of frequendy used abbreviations of names of polymers...

TABLE 4. SOME TRADE NAMES, ABBREVIATIONS AND SUPPUERS OF POLYMERS AND POLYMER COMPOUNDS. 

Becanse the systematic names of polymers can he cumbersome, trade names and abbreviations are frequently used as a shortcut in industrial literature and oral communication. For example, the simple generic name nylon-6,6, in which the first nnmber refers to the number of carbon atoms of the diamine component and the second number to that of the diacid component used to form the polyamide, appears often in the literature in lieu of systematic names snch as poly(iminoadipoyliminohexane-l,6-diyl) (structure-based name) or poly[hexamethylenediamine-aZf-(adipic acid)] (source-based name). Usefnl compilations of trade names for polymers can be foimd in references (36-43) and (47-53). 

Abbreviations for polymers are often found in laboratory work life, in scientific and industrial literature since the full polymer name is usually long and uncomfortable to use. Through widespread common usage, a lot of abbreviations evolved and, as a result, for the same polymer different abbreviations can be found. Also, the same abbreviation is used for different polymers. 

Data block 1 gives informations on the basic polymer type, e.g. the abbreviation of the chemical name of the polymer according to ISO-standards. It can be specified by additional information on the chemical composition. 

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