Trivial name polymer

Poly(vinyl chloride) is the widely accepted trivial name for poly(l-chloroethene) and, in terms of worldwide production, is one of the three most important polymers in current use, the other two being poly(ethylene) and poly (styrene). PVC has numerous uses, including cable insulation, packaging, and toys. 

Most of the polymers are better known by their trivial names or trade names. Polymers prepared from single polymers are denoted by prefixing poly- to the name of the monomer, e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, Polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene, etc. If the monomer has substituents or has a multi-worded name, the name of the monomer is enclosed in parenthesis after the prefix poly-, e.g., poly (methyl methacrylate), poly (vinyl alcohol), etc. Condensation polymers like that derived from ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid are named as poly (ethylene terephthalate). 

Most trivial names, such as polystyrene, are source-based names. Hitherto, the Commission has not systematically recommended source-based names for homopolymers because it considered that the more rigorous structure-based names were more appropriate for scientific communications. However, since the publication of Nomenclature of Regular Single-Strand Organic Polymers in 1976, scientists, in both industry and academia, have continued to use trivial names. Even the Commission itself adopted (1985) a source-based nomenclature for copolymers because of its simplicity and practicality. Based on these facts, the Commission has now decided to recommend source-based... 

In this text we will typically employ the more common (semisystematic or trivial) names of polymers but it is important in searching the literature using any CA-driven search engine that you are familiar with CA naming for both monomers and polymers. 

When all of the double bonds in the polymer molecule have the same configuration, the result is two different ordered polymer structures—transtactic and cistactic. Figure 8-5 shows the structures of the completely cis and completely trans polymers of isoprene. The stereochemistry of these polymers is indicated in their names. For example, the trans polymer (IX) is named as trans-1,4-polyisoprene or poly( -l-methylbut-l-ene-l,4-diyl). The first name is the IUPAC-recommended trivial name the second name is the IUPAC structure-based (Sec. l-2c) [IUPAC, 1966, 1981, 1996],... 

The lUPAC names for polymers are often very complicated and lengthy. Therefore, parallel to the systematic names, some semi-systematic or trivial names are allowed. Here, in most cases, the name of the basic monomer is used in combination with the prefix poly . Polystyrene may serve as an example. Brackets are used for the name of the monomer when it contains more than one word such as poly(vinyl chloride) ... 

The categories of substrates which are used for assays of cellulase enzymes are shown in Table I. The use of crystalline, insoluble forms of cellulose as substrates makes assays difficult and has led to such trivial names as Avicelase activity. These assays are useful as indications of the capacity of an enzyme system to degrade native cellulose and indicate the presence of CBH enzyme which cannot be assayed in the presence of endoglucanases or / -glucosidase. The susceptibility to enzymatic attack generally increases with the hydration of the polymer chains that accom-... 

Union of Pure and Applied Chemists (IUPAC) has developed systematic nomenclature rules for polymers. As is the case with many small-molecule organic compounds, the IUPAC names are often complex and cumbersome. Therefore, polymer scientists often use common or abbreviated names, sometimes even product names. Poly[l- methoxycarbonyl)-l-methylethylene] (IUPAC) is almost always referred to as poly(methyl methacrylate), or PMMA, or even Lucite. IUPAC discourages the use of trademarked names, however unless it is importanfto refer to a specific commercial product. The IUPAC Macromolecular Nomenclature Commission recognizes a number of trivial names for common polymers (Metanomski 1999). 

Benrenedicarboxylic acids have trivial names. Benzene-1,4 dicariDoxyiic add (terephtdaiic acid. 3) is used in the manufacture of commercially important polyesters. Esters of benzene-1.2-dicarboxylic acid (phthalic acidj are used for plasticizing polymers. 

A systematic lUPAC nomenclature exists for polymers just as it docs for organic and inorganic chemicals. This polymer nomenclature is rarely used, however, because a trivial naming system is deeply entrenched through the force of usage. A similar situation prevails with all chemical species which are commercially important commodities. Thus, large-scale users of the compound 1-40... 

Note that the common nomenclature generally uses trivial names for monomers as well as the corresponding polymer (1-1 and 1-2 are examples). 

The majority of undergraduate texts use the industrial system, and a few of the polymer texts have adopted the lUPAC system for common polymers. An lUPAC report ( ) states "The Commission recognized that a number of common polymers have semisystematic or trivial names that are well established by usage it is not intended that they be immediately supplanted by the structure-based names. Nonetheless, it is hoped that for scientific communication the use of semisystematic or trivial names for polymers will be kept to a minimum." Nevertheless, the trend is toward usage of the industrial system. 

Polymer names are based on the lUPAC structure-based nomenclature system described in the table Naming Organic Polymers . Within each category, names are listed in alphabetical order. Source-based and trivial names are also given (in italics) for the most common polymers. The table does not include polymers for which is not clearly defined because of variability of structure or because of reactions taking place near the glass transition. 

Infrared spectroscopy provides a convenient method for studying the deprotection kinetics of resist polymers. For example, the deprotection kinetics of some alicyclic polymer resist systems comprising (i) poly(methylpropyl bicyclo[2.2.1]-hept-5-ene-2-carboxylate-co-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carboxylic acid) (trivial name poly(carbo-t-butoxynorbomene-co-norbornene carboxylic acid) [poly(CBN-co-NBCA)] (I) and (ii) poly(methylpropyl bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carboxylate-co-maleic anhydride) (trivial name poly(carbo-t-butoxynorbomene-co-maleic anhydride) [poly(CBN-aZr-MAH)] (11) and containing triphenylsulfonium... 

Naturally occurring polymers generally carry trivial names. These trivial names describe the origin (e.g., cellulose), the nature (e.g., nucleic acids), or the function (e.g., catalase) of the polymer. 

According to lUPAC nomenclature rules, the trivial names of common polymers do not necessarily have to be replaced by structural names. Therefore, both trivial and structural names of polymers will be used in this book. In general, the standard abbreviations of trivial names will only be used in diagrammatic illustrations (see, for example. Table VII-6). Trade names of thermoplasts, thermosets, elastomers, and fibers will not be used in the text. 

Can you name the following chain-growth polymers by the lUPAC system and/or by giving them trivial names ... 

Polymer or resin Acronym or trivial name LOI, vol% oxygen... 

On the other hand, modern nomenclature is based on the chemical structure of the macromolecules. The name of a polymer of unspecified degree of polymerization consists of the prefix poly and the name of the smallest repeating unit. With unbranched polymers, the smallest repeating unit is a diradical. The name of this diradical is the same as that met with in the nomenclature for low-molecular-weight organic diradicals. Thus, the group —CH2— is called methylene and the corresponding polymer is called poly(methylene) (example 1 in Table 1-4). The diradicals —CH2—CH2— and —CH2—CH(CH3)— do not have simple definitive names the trivial names ethylene and propylene are retained. Examples of names for other diradicals are as follows ... 

A List of Trivial Names for the Complex Polymers Discussed. 

The more fully systematic lUPAC rules were adapted for the highly ordered alphabetical CA indexes. Most common names and special rules for some classes of substances were discontinued in 1972. Names used in the previous CA indexes as well as trivial names used in the literature have been retained as cross-references in the CA Index Guide and in the CAS database, and are available for polymer searching and retrieval. For each identifiable substance, a rigid order of precedence of chemical functions and compound classes is followed to determine first the preferred index heading parent, and then a single preferred name. 

Table 1 lists the source-based connectives recommended by lUPAC for alternating, periodic, and several other polymer types. According to the above lUPAC recommendations, the source-based name for PET and the trivial name nylon-6,6 represent alternating copolymers. 

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