Polymer names copolymers

This chapter has so far dealt with the major fields of use of vinyl chloride polymers, namely plasticised PVC homopolymer, unplasticised PVC, including impact-modified grades, and copolymers particular based on vinyl acetate. There are, however, five particular special forms of vinyl chloride polymer which merit separate consideration, namely crystalline PVC, after-chlorinated PVC (often known as CPVC) and certain graft copolymers and two vinyl-chloride-based copolymers. 

This is the preferred designation for all chloroprene polymers and copolymers. Chloroprene rubber was first introduced commercially in 1931 by DuPont and their trade name, originally DuPrene, later Neoprene, has almost become a generic term for all such rubber. See Chlorobutadiene. 

In the 1970s, ICI introduced this polymer and copolymers in which it was the major constituent as commercial products, initially under the acronym PHB, and a little later under the trade name Biopol, which referred specifically to copolymers containing p-oxybutyrate and up to 30 % of P-oxyvalerate repeating units. The copolymer is more flexible and tougher than the homopolymer [100, 101]. 

In principle, a comprehensive structure-based system of naming copolymers would be desirable. However, such a system presupposes a knowledge of the structural identity of all the constitutional units as well as their sequential arrangements within the polymer molecules this information is rarely available for the synthetic polymers encountered in practice. For this reason, the proposals presented in this Report embody an essentially source-based nomenclature system. 

Since the 1950s, synthetic polymers have been used as art binders. The most common groups are referred to as the vinyls and acrylics by artists. Both groupings represent a wide variety of polymers and copolymers and are inaccurately, or at best not accurately, named. For polymer scientists, the term vinyl generally refers to PVC, but to artists it may refer to many other materials. Even so, most of the synthetic paint market today is based on acrylics. Acrylic paints are typically water emulsions of synthetic polymers. In art, the term acrylic is used to describe a wide variety of polymers and copolymers that can be considered as derivatives of acrylic acids. Most acrylics used in art binders are PMMA (Equation 6.61), PVAc (Equation 6.64), poly( -butyl methacrylate) (Equation 6.65), and copolymers such as poly(ethyl acrylate-comethacrylate). 

Polymers formed from two or more monomers such as condensation polymers and copolymers, as well as homopolymers are indexed at each inverted monomer name with the modifying term polymer with followed by the other monomer names in uninverted alphabetical order. The preferential listing for identical heading parents is in the order (1) maximum number of substituents (2) lowest locants for substituents (3) maximum number of occurrences of index heading parent and (4) earliest index position of the index heading. Examples are ... 

In identifying chain segments, the term -co- is interposed between the names of the monomers copolymerized the letter -b- is used to designate block copolymers. Similarly the letter -g- is used to indicate grafted segments. The first polymer named corresponds to the polymer prepared in the first stage of synthesis. 

Neoprene - Originally the trade name, now the generic name of polymers and copolymers based on chloroprene. ASTM designation CR. 

Acetal resin is a general term used for high molecular weight polymers and copolymers derived from formaldehyde. The name of polyoxymethylene conforms better with the structure of the repeat unit (—OCH2—) . In... 

As discussed in eariler, PPE is fabricated from a wide variety of polymeric materials by many processes. Glove materials, for example, are multicomponent formulations containing one or more polymers and copolymers, processing aids, stabilizers, fillers and so forth. Gloves are typically sold under the generic name of the principal polymer in the formulation (e.g., nitrile, butyl, etc.). However, the formulations for the products sold under one generic name will vary from manufacturer to manufacturer and, in some cases, within one manufacturer. 

The polymer produced in eq 1.1 is known as polyethylene and, less commonly, as polymethylene, polyethene or polythene. (In the late 1960s, "polythene" became part of popular culture when the Beatles released "Polythene Pam.") Polyethylene is the lUPAC recommended name for homopolymer. As we shall see, however, many important ethylene-containing polymers are copolymers. Nomenclatures for various types of polyethylene are addressed in section 1.3. Though some have suggested that its name implies the presence of unsaturated carbon atoms, there are in fact few C=C bonds in polyethylene, usually less than 2 per thousand carbon atoms and these occur primarily as vinyl or vinylidene end groups. 

Table 1.1 lUPAC names of selected polymers and copolymers of ethylene. 

In Table 1 data on the extrusion behavior of some polymers and copolymers are summarized. Many of these data refer to the paper by Aharoni and Sibilia Some of the polymers listed in Table 1, namely the nylons and the copoly(ether ester)s, do not fulfill the requirements defined by Aharoni and Sibilia. Especially, the maximum achievable draw ratio seems to be less than ten for these systems. However, together with other workers in this area, we think that the term solid-state extrusion covers a wider field of interest than indicated by Aharoni and Sibilia. 

Dilute solution properties in water are very important for water-soluble polymers [27], not only in their characterization but also in determining their performance under actual use conditions. These polymers include the acrylamide polymers, namely polyacrylamide and its structural variants, whose range of applications encompasses their use as soil modifiers. The results of calculations [28] of the specific refractive index increments of random copolymers of acrylamide with N-benzyl methacrylamide and with N-methyl methacrylamide are shown in Figure 8.3. (See Section 17.E for the method used to calculate the properties of random copolymers.) The details of the calculations (not shown) indicate that (a) the specific volumes of the homopolymers are in the order polyacrylamide < poly(N-benzyl methacrylamide) < poly(N-methyl methacrylamide), and (b) the refractive indices are in the order polyacrylamide poly(N-methyl methacrylamide) poly(N-benzyl methacrylamide). The results shown for the copolymers in Figure 8.3 arise from the multiplicative combination of these trends. 

Table 2 contains examples of common or semi-systematic names of copolymers. The systematic names of comonomers may also be used thus, the polyacrylonitrUe-fofoc/r-polybutadiene-fofoc/ -polystyrene polymer in Table 2 may also be named poly(prop-2-enenitrUe)-fofoc/r-polybuta-l,3-diene-fofocA -poly(ethenylbenzene). lUPAC does not require alphabetized names of comonomers within a polymer name many names are thus possible for some copolymers. 

At least one other possibility exists. Assume, for example, that a very small amount of BPA is used with an excess of ECH under conditions that favored homopolymerisation of ECH (which may be different than conditions used to copolymerise the two). BPA would not be a monomer because it would not occur as a repeat unit, but rather would become a locus of initiation for a homopolymer of ECH. The most accurate description of the substance would be oxirane, (chloromethyl)-, homopolymer, ether with 4,4 -(l-methylethylidene) bis[phenol] (2 1), CASRN 139873-26-0. This principle also applies for cases in which a reactant such as a peroxide is used as a free radical initiator for a vinyl polymer. For example, a copolymer of monomers A, B, and C made using a free-radical initiator D may be called A, copolymer with B and C, D-initiated. Before 1989, the EPA had not informed industry of the need to include free-radical initiators as part of a polymer name, and therefore polymers placed onto the TSCA Inventory before 1989 do not have to include the free-radical initiator in the polymer name, even if it is used at a level of greater than two percent. In the latter case, the polymer would be named as A, polymer with B and C, without reference to the initiator. 

Allylic substitutions were also carried out with Pd(0) complexes as catalyst precursors with phosphine ligands bound covalently to polar polymers, namely random copolymers of acrylamide and N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM) (la, = 500 000, determined by viscometry). After the catalytic reaction, the polymer-bound catalysts were precipitated by adding the reaction mixture to an apolar solvent and could be re-used for further cycles (with an average of 93% conversion in ten consecutive reaction cycles, each 6 h at 50 °C in THF/H2O 1 1,1 mol% palladium) [2],... 

Na-alginate is natural polysaccharide extracted from seaweeds, with a large availability in nature. Chemically, alginate composed of block polymers namely polyguluronate [poly-G], poly-mannuromate [poly-M] and their copolymer in random sequence [8, 72]. 

Self-assembled block copolymers are basically amphilic molecules which contain distinctively different polymers. This block copolymer contains two or more polymers quantitatively in the form of blocks. Some of the block copolymers are polyacrylic acid, polymethylacrylate, polystyrene polyethylene oxide, polybutadiene, polybutylene oxide, poly-2-methyloxazoline, polydimethyl sUoxane, poly-e-caprolactone, polypropylene sulfide, poly-A -isopropylacrylamide, poly-2-vinylpyridine, poly-2-diethylamino ethyl methacrylate, poly-2-(diisopropylamino) ethyl methacrylate, poly-2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl phosphorylcholine, and polylactic acid. These copolymers contain more than polymers to form certain configurations like linear, branched, patterned. For example, if we take three polymers named A, B, and C, they can be combined to form arrangements AB, BA, AA, BAB, ABCAB, ABCABC, ABABAB, etc. in the form of branched configuration it forms (ABQa, (ABA)a, (AB)4, etc. Depending on the above-mentioned number of blocks, they are named as AB diblock copolymers, ABC triblock copolymers, ABC star block copolymers, etc. The covalent linkage between these different blocks of polymers makes macroscopic phase separation impossible, that is, in its place the phase separation... 

Chloro-1,3-butadiene (chloroprene) was originally synthesized in 1930. The material can polymerize spontaneously to an elastomer that has good resistance to oil and weathering. Commercial production of chloroprene rubber started in 1932. Since then, many types of polymers and copolymers were developed with the trivial generic name of neoprene. 

There are various polymers (including copolymers) in this family but the most common polycarbonate is that based on bisphenol-A, also known by the commercial names—Lexan (U.S.) or Macrolon (Germany). Several polyblends and alloys are already in use, combining PC with ABS, PET, PBT and others. 

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