Horn fly

Methoprene and hydroprene are first-generation juvenoids that iacorporate minor stmctural optimisation of neotenin to increase persistence. Methoprene, 1-isopropyl (E,E)-ll-methoxy-3,7,ll-tnmethyl dodecadi-2,4-enoate (129) (bp 100 C/6.7 Pa, vp 3.5 mPa at 25°C), is soluble ia water to 1.4 mg/L. The rat oral LD q is >34,000 mg/kg. Methoprene has been used as a mosquito larvicide, ia baits for ant control, and as a catde feed-through treatment for horn fly control. Hydroprene, methyl (H,H)-3,7,ll-trimethyl-dodecadi-2,4-enoate (130) (bp 174°C at 2.5 kPa, vp 2.5 mPa at 25°C), is soluble ia water to 0.54 mg/L. The rat oral LD q is >34,000 mg/kg. Hydroprene is especially effective against aphids and cockroaches. 

The horn fly Haematobia irritans an important bloodsucking pest of catde, was found to be completely controlled by ear tags which slowly released permethrin and fenvalerate. These were found to give almost 100% control for 24 weeks. However, following almost universal appHcation of this ideal control measure, control failures of the pyrethroid insecticides were widely reported in North America in 1982 ndash 1983 and the practice is now abandoned. 

Temeyer tested the toxicity of miconazole and six other antifungal agents and solvents for use in horn fly larval rearing or bioassays. Each of which appeared to be potentially useful in bovine fecal medium [99],... 

Scott, T.W., R.W. Miller, and F.W. Knapp. 1986. Field evaluation of diflubenzuron boluses with and without flucythrinate ear tags for control of horn flies, Haematobia irritans and face flies, Musca autumnalis, on pastured cattle. Jour. Agricul. Entomol. 3 105-113. 

Haufe, W.O. 1982. Growth of range cattle protected from horn flies (Haematobia irritans) by ear tags impregnated with fenvalerate. Canad. Jour. Anim. Sci. 62 567-573. 

Widespread use of mirex may lead to altered population structure in terrestrial systems, with resurgence or escalation of nontarget pests due to selective mirex-induced mortality of predators (NAS 1978). For example, populations of immature horn flies and rove beetles, two species of arthropods normally preyed upon by fire ants, were higher in mirex-treated areas than in control areas (Howard and Oliver 1978). Conversely, other species, such as crickets, ground beetles, and various species of oil-loving ants, were directly affected and populations were still depressed or eliminated 14 months posttreatment (NAS 1978), whereas fire ants recovered to higher than pretreatment levels, as judged by mound numbers and mound size (Summerlin et al. 1977). 

Methoprene has been fully registered since 1975 for commercial usage as a mosquito larvicide and for control of horn flies via feed-through application to cattle. In addition, methoprene is registered in Japan for administration to silkworms to enhance silk production. As the only IGR currently (July, 1978) registered, it follows that the environmental fate of methoprene has been investigated in detail. 

Urech, R., Brown, G. W., Moore, C. J. and Green, P.E. (2005). Cuticular hydrocarbons of buffalo fly, Haematobia exigua, and chemotaxonomic differentiation from horn fly, H. irritans. J. Chem. Ecol., 31, 2451-2461. 

It is added to the feed of cattle and poultry to control the development of fly larvae that breed in manure. It also is used as a dust, dip, or spray to control mange, horn flies, and face flies of cattle.28,37... 

Table IV. Mortality of the larvae of Horn fly, Face fly, Stable fly and House fly placed in manure from two steers (ca. 200 kg) treated with oral capsules containing MK 933 "Reproduced with permission Ref. 15 Copyright 1981. J. Econ. Entomol., Entomological Society of America. "...

Methoprene, a juvenile hormone analog, is structurally similar to insect juvenile hormones (Figure 4.11) such as juvenile hormone III. It is used for control of mosquitoes (floodwater mosquitoes, 2-4 instars), cigarette beetles, horn flies, fungus gnats (on mushroom), fleas, etc. The oral LD50 for methoprene in rats is >34,600 mg/kg. 

Avermectin (Ivermectin) (Doramectin) (Abamectin) (Eprinomectin) Mites, lice, Horn fly. Warble-fly larvae Solution (pour on) Parenteral solution (S.C. injection) Controlled-release ruminal bolus (ivermectin)... 

Avermectins. these naturally occur ring antibiotics produced by the bacterium Strepfomyces avermitills play an important role in modern agriculture. The group of avermectins known as ivermectins are used to control parasitic worms and stable and horn flies in livestock. 

The liquid products used to treat parasites topically are typically called pour-ons. Example products include ivermectin (Ivomec Pour-on for Cattle Top Line ) that can treat gastrointestinal roundworms, lungworms, cattle grubs, mites, lice, and horn flies. These are administered with special squeeze bottles that have dose-metering cups or application guns and are applied in a narrow line from the withers to the tail head in cattle. 

The analyzed DNA was obtained through samples of adult populations of horn flies from five different Brazilian localities Boa Vista (RR), Mossoro (RN), Seropedica (RJ), Campo Grande (MS), and Rosario do Sul (RS), each one in a different geographical region of the country. These samples were amplified with 60 RAPD primers and their amplified products were assessed for the number and quality of polymorphic loci. Only 16 primers that amplified reproducible polymorphic bands were selected for chemometric analysis. 

The genomic DNA amplification of horn fly populations using the 16 RAPD selected primers produced 321 fragments. Tliese fragments varied from 1714 to 229 bp. The total number of bands produced by each primer varied from 10 (primer H20) to 28 (primer G4 and G16). From the 16 selected primers, 12 generated 15 bands or more. Regarding the total number of bands produced by population, the most polymorphic was RN (70 bands), followed by RJ (68 bands), MS and RS (62 bands), and RR (59 bands) (Table 12.2). 

TABLE 12.2. Random amplified polymorphic DNA primers used and number of fragments generated in five different Brazilian populations of horn fly... 

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