Polyhedrosis virus

Baculovimses, especially nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPV) and granulosis viruses (GV), appear to be exceptionally well suited for IPM because of their extreme insect specificity. They are stomach poisons and are slow-acting. In vitro production is difficult and the products are more expensive than the bacterial insecticides. Their high host specificity is viewed as a commercial disadvantage, and improvements in formulations and appHcation techniques are needed. 

Most of the viral vectors were constructed using (1) the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV), which is able to infect moth species, Spodoptera frugiperda ovarian cell lines and, in specific conditions, Drosophila cells (2) the Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV), which is able to infect silkworm cells. To broaden the range of infection of hosts, a hybrid virus was generated [118,119]. 

Kondo, A. and Maeda, S. (1991) Host range expansion by recombination of the baculoviruses Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus and Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Journal of Virology, 65 (7), 3625-3632. 

Gothama AAA, Lawrence GW, Sikorowski PP. Activity and persistence of Steinemema carpocapsae and Spodoptera exigua nuclear polyhedrosis virus against S. exigua larvae on soybean. J Nematol. 1996 28 68-74. 

Baculoviruses are members of a large group of double-stranded DNA viruses which only infect invertebrates, including insects. The restricted host range makes baculoviruses safer than mammalian expression systems. The most widely used baculoviruses are Autographa califor-nica nuclear polyhedrosis virus and the Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus. The host cell most commonly used is Sf9, derived from the fall army worm Spodoptera frugiperda. 

Baculovirus expression is the most frequently used method for expression in insect cells and employs Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV), a double stranded (ds) DNA virus that infects arthropods. The baculovirus expression system utilizes features of the viral life cycle to introduce recombinant DNA coding the gene of interest into insect cells (Miller, 1988 O Reilly et al, 1992). 

Ayres, M. D., Howard, S. C., Kuzio, J., Lopez-Perber, M., and Possee, R. D. (1994). The complete DNA sequence of Autographa caUfornica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Virology 202,586-605. 

Possee, R. D. and Howard, S. C. (1987). Analysis of the polyhedrin gene promoter of the Autographa califor-nica nudear polyhedrosis virus. Nucleic Acids Res. 15, 10233-10248. 

WilUams, G. V, Rohel, D. Z., Kuzio, J., and Faulkner, P. (1989). A cytopathological investigation of Autographa californica nudear polyhedrosis virus plO gene function using insertion/deletion mutants. J. Gen. Virol. 70, 187-202. 

Xu, X. and Jones, I. M. (2004). Rapid parallel expression in E. coli and insect cells analysis of five lef gene products of the Autographa califomica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV). Virus Genes 29,191-197. 

AcMNPV Autographa californica Multicapsid Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus... 

The Baculoviridae are a family of large enveloped DNA viruses that are characterised by rod-shaped nucleocapsids and relatively large double stranded DNA genomes. Autographa californica Multicapsid Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (AcMNPV) is the baculovirus most currently used as vector for protein production with insect cells. Several reviews are available describing baculovirus structure and its molecular biology [6-8]. 

Maeda, S. (1984) A plaque assay and cloning of Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J. Seric. Sci.Jpn. 53, 547-548. 

JTru.vr.v. There are epidemics caused by viruses, which occur periodically in the inseel populations and llius naturally help tn check their spread, Entomologists would like to lind ways of infecting pesi insects before they can cause serious damage. Most inseel viruses are specitie for a Tevs closely related hosts. The general sirueture of ihe viral particles includes UNA plus protein, all imbedded in a protein matrix. They arc termed nuclear polyhedrosis virus tNPVi The viruses spread when larvae eat contaminated loliuge. 

Double-stranded cytoplasmic-polyhedrosis-virus RNA obtained from silkworm was scarcely split by RNase U2 (106). 

Biological agents such as Bacillus thuringensis, BT, has been coming to the fore as a forest insecticide, as more has been learned about its use. Attention is now being given also to the viruses such as the polyhedrosis virus of the tussock moth. 

Baculovirus Subgroup A, nuclear polyhedrosis virus Baculovirus Subgroup B, granulosis virus Baculovirus Subgroup C, nonoccluded virus... 

---