Autographa californica

Most of the viral vectors were constructed using (1) the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV), which is able to infect moth species, Spodoptera frugiperda ovarian cell lines and, in specific conditions, Drosophila cells (2) the Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV), which is able to infect silkworm cells. To broaden the range of infection of hosts, a hybrid virus was generated [118,119]. 

Kondo, A. and Maeda, S. (1991) Host range expansion by recombination of the baculoviruses Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus and Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Journal of Virology, 65 (7), 3625-3632. 

Baculovirus expression is the most frequently used method for expression in insect cells and employs Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV), a double stranded (ds) DNA virus that infects arthropods. The baculovirus expression system utilizes features of the viral life cycle to introduce recombinant DNA coding the gene of interest into insect cells (Miller, 1988 O Reilly et al, 1992). 

WilUams, G. V, Rohel, D. Z., Kuzio, J., and Faulkner, P. (1989). A cytopathological investigation of Autographa californica nudear polyhedrosis virus plO gene function using insertion/deletion mutants. J. Gen. Virol. 70, 187-202. 

AcMNPV Autographa californica Multicapsid Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus... 

The Baculoviridae are a family of large enveloped DNA viruses that are characterised by rod-shaped nucleocapsids and relatively large double stranded DNA genomes. Autographa californica Multicapsid Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (AcMNPV) is the baculovirus most currently used as vector for protein production with insect cells. Several reviews are available describing baculovirus structure and its molecular biology [6-8]. 

A second milestone in the production of viral antigens was the development of the technology associated with insect cells - the baculovirus expression system. The Autographa californica baculovirus produces viral particles as a part of its life cycle. These particles accumulate in the polyhedrin protein matrix, which confers protection from inactivation due to environmental factors. The polyhedrin is produced in large amounts... 

Braunagel SC, Burks JK, Rosas-Acosta G, Harrison RL, Ma H, Summers MD (1999), Mutations within the Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus FP25K gene decrease the accumulation of ODV-E66 and alter its intranuclear transport, J. Virol. 73 8559-8570. 

Carstens EB (1982), Mapping the mutation site of an Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus polyhedron morphology mutant, J. Virol. 43 809-818. 

Elam P, Vail PV, Schreiber F (1990), Infectivity of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus extracted with digestive fluids of Heliothis zea, Estigmene acrea, and carbonate solutions,]. Invertebr. Pathol. 55 278-283. 

Fraser MJ, Smith GE, Summers MD (1983), Acquisition of host cell DNA sequences by baculovirus relationship between host DNA insertion and FP mutants of Autographa californica and Galleria mellonella nuclear polyhedrosis viruses, Virology 47 287-300. 

Harrison RL, Summers MD (1995), Biosynthesis and localization of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus 25K gene product, Virology 208 279-288. 

Kool M, Voncken JW, van Lier FL, Tramper J, Vlak JM (1991), Detection and analysis of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus mutants with defective interfering properties, Virology 183 739-746. 

Lee FTY, Krell PJ (1992), Generation and analysis of defective genomes of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus, J. Virol. 66 4339-4347. 

Pijlman GP, Born, EVD, Martens DE, Vlak JM (2001), Autographa californica baculoviruses with large genomic deletions are rapidly generated in infected insect cells, Virology 283 132-138. 

Wood FFA (1980), Isolation and replication of an occlusion body-deficient mutant of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus, Virology 105 338-344. 

AcMNPV AfMNPV BmMNPV BV DIP DNA Autographa californica NPV Anagrapha falcifera nucleopoliedrovirus Bombyx mori NPV budded virus Defectives Interfering Particles mutants Deoxyribonucleic acid... 

The model NPV system is an isolate from the alfalfa looper, Autographa californica and, in conjunction with Lepidopteran cell culture, makes an excellent laboratory system. In cell culture, the NOV is he exclusive infectious form PIBs play no role. After infection, the nucleocapsid makes its way to the nucleus, where replication begins. The initial steps in the viral replication cycle are performed by cellular factors,... 

One of the eukaryotic systems that attracted significant interest in recent years is the baculovirus-infected insect cell platform (1, 2). The most common species of baculoviruses used for protein expression studies is the Autographa californica multiple nuclear... 

Luckow VA, and Summers MD (1988) Signals important for high-level expression of foreign genes in Autographa californica nuclear poly-hedrosis virus expression vectors. Virology 167 56-71... 

Fraser MJ (1986) Ultrastructural observations of virion maturation in Autographa californica Nuclear Polyhedrosis virus infected Spodoptera frugiperda cell cultures. J Ultrastruct Mol Struct Res 95 189—195... 

Vialard JE, Richardson CD (1993) The 1,629-nucleotide open reading frame located downstream of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus polyhediin gene encodes a nucleocapsid-assodated phosphop-rotein. J Virol 67 5859—5866... 

Ac = Autographa californica Bm = Bombyx mori NPV = nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Hanzlik, unpublished data. 

The baculoviruses which have received the majority of attention to date are two of the nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPV). One was originally derived from the alfalfa loopcr Autographa californica, and the other from the silkworm Bombyx mori. These viruses are referred to as AcNPV and BmNPV respectively. The engineering of baculoviruses to express JHE was undertaken in both of these systems by a number of different groups. Details of methodology for construction and purification of recombinant baculoviruses are given elsewhere (28,31). 

Males of the variegated leafroller moth, Platynota flavedana, are attracted in greatest numbers in the field to a ratio of 84 16 of ( )-ll-tetradecen-l-ol to (Z)-ll-tetradecen-l-ol (297). Female tip extracts contain these two alcohols in a 9 1 ratio ( Z) as well as the corresponding acetates but the acetates do not appear to be used as pheromones. Trap catches of the alfalfa looper, Autographa californica, are greatly increased by the addition of (Z)-7-dodecen-l-ol formate to (Z)-7-dodecen-l-ol acetate 298), its proposed sex pheromone (299). It is not known whether the formate ester is an actual component of the natural pheromone. 

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