Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses, infection

Carpenter WM, Bilimoria SL (1983), A semi-permissive nuclear polyhedrosis virus infection characterization of infection kinetics and morphogenesis, Virology 130 227-231. 

Fraser MJ (1986) Ultrastructural observations of virion maturation in Autographa californica Nuclear Polyhedrosis virus infected Spodoptera frugiperda cell cultures. J Ultrastruct Mol Struct Res 95 189—195... 

Most of the viral vectors were constructed using (1) the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV), which is able to infect moth species, Spodoptera frugiperda ovarian cell lines and, in specific conditions, Drosophila cells (2) the Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV), which is able to infect silkworm cells. To broaden the range of infection of hosts, a hybrid virus was generated [118,119]. 

Baculoviruses are members of a large group of double-stranded DNA viruses which only infect invertebrates, including insects. The restricted host range makes baculoviruses safer than mammalian expression systems. The most widely used baculoviruses are Autographa califor-nica nuclear polyhedrosis virus and the Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus. The host cell most commonly used is Sf9, derived from the fall army worm Spodoptera frugiperda. 

Baculovirus expression is the most frequently used method for expression in insect cells and employs Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV), a double stranded (ds) DNA virus that infects arthropods. The baculovirus expression system utilizes features of the viral life cycle to introduce recombinant DNA coding the gene of interest into insect cells (Miller, 1988 O Reilly et al, 1992). 

JTru.vr.v. There are epidemics caused by viruses, which occur periodically in the inseel populations and llius naturally help tn check their spread, Entomologists would like to lind ways of infecting pesi insects before they can cause serious damage. Most inseel viruses are specitie for a Tevs closely related hosts. The general sirueture of ihe viral particles includes UNA plus protein, all imbedded in a protein matrix. They arc termed nuclear polyhedrosis virus tNPVi The viruses spread when larvae eat contaminated loliuge. 

Bilimoria SL, Demirbag Z, Ng FI (1992), Abortive cell culture infections of nuclear polyhedrosis viruses as model systems for host specificity, Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira 27 123-141. 

Elam P, Vail PV, Schreiber F (1990), Infectivity of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus extracted with digestive fluids of Heliothis zea, Estigmene acrea, and carbonate solutions,]. Invertebr. Pathol. 55 278-283. 

Liu HS, Bilimoria SL (1990), Infected cell specific protein and viral DNA synthesis in productive and abortive infections of Spodoptera frugiperda nuclear polyhedrosis virus, Arch Virol. 115 101-113. 

Lynn DE (1994), Enhanced infectivity of occluded virions of Gypsy Moth nuclear polyhedrosis virus for cell cultures, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 63 268-274. 

Vail PV, Romine CL, Vaughn JL (1979), Infectivity of nuclear polyhedrosis virus extract with digestive juices, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 33 328-330. 

Volkman LE, Summers MD, FIsieh CFI (1976), Occluded and non-occluded nuclear polyhedrosis virus grown in Trichoplusia ni comparative neutralization comparative infectivity, and in vitro growth studies, J. Virol. 19 820-832. 

Beckman, A.G.B., 1980. The infectivity of polyhedra of nuclear polyhedrosis virus (N.P.V.) after passage through gut of an insect-predator. Experientia, 36 858-859. 

Gudauskas, R.T., and Cannerday, D., 1968. The effect of heat, buffer salt and H-ion concentration, and ultraviolet light on the infectivity of Heliothis and Trichoplusia nuclear-polyhedrosis viruses. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 12 T05 411. 

Ignoffo, C.M., and Dutky, S.R., 1963. The effect of sodium hypochlorite on the viability and infectivity of bacillus and beauveria spores and cabbage looper nuclear-polyhedrosis virus. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 5 422 126. 

Another area of current R D concentration is insect control through insect viral infection. The virus that infects Heliothis, the nuclear polyhedrosis virus, can be propagated and has been used with variable success. Other insect virus agents also are being investigated, as is the molecular biology of the virus. 

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