Nuclear polyhedrosis virus effect

The effect of these resistances has been to drive chemical control from one insecticide to the next. In most parts of the Nile delta the cotton leafworms can still be controlled by some OP compound, such as chlorpyrifos, supplemented where necessary with the insect growth regulator Dimilin. But in southern Texas, Mexico, Nicaragua and Peru the multiple resistances of the tobacco budworm, and to a less extreme degree of H. zea and Spodoptera sunia, have made even 20 insecticide applications a season quite worthless, and indeed there is less damage to the cotton if no chemicals are applied at all. The only materials that can be relied upon to kill these multiresistant H. viresoens are the dichlorovinyl pyrethroid NRDC-143 and the Heliothis nuclear polyhedrosis virus. 

Andrews, G. L., and Sikorowoski, P.P., 1973. Effects of cotton leaf surface on the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Heliothis zea and Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera Noctuidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol., 22 290-291. 

Gudauskas, R.T., and Cannerday, D., 1968. The effect of heat, buffer salt and H-ion concentration, and ultraviolet light on the infectivity of Heliothis and Trichoplusia nuclear-polyhedrosis viruses. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 12 T05 411. 

Ignoffo, C.M., and Dutky, S.R., 1963. The effect of sodium hypochlorite on the viability and infectivity of bacillus and beauveria spores and cabbage looper nuclear-polyhedrosis virus. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 5 422 126. 

Shapiro, M., 2001. The effects of cations on the activity of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera Lymantriidae) nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J. Econ. Entomol., 94 1-6. 

Luttrell, R. G. Yearian, W. C. Young, S. Y. Effect of spray adjuvants on Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) nuclear polyhedrosis virus efficacy. J. Econ. Entomol. 1983,76,162-167. 

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