Polyglycol amines

Most simply, a mixture of mainly (80% to 90% by weight) propargyl alcohol and cellosolve, with minor amounts of polyglycol, amine derivatives, a phenol-formaldehyde resin, and tar bases, has been described [248,249]. 

The third industrial blend presented here as an example belongs to the cationic surfactants of fatty acid polyglycol amine type with... 

Fig. 2.5.6. (a) APCI-FIA-MS(+) overview spectrum and general structural formula of fatty acid polyglycol amine blend (R-N H((CH2-CH2-0)irj,H)2X )) and (b) ESI-FIA-MS(+) overview spectrum of mixture as in (a). Compounds ionised as [M]+ [8]. (c) APCI-FIA-MS-MS(+) product ion spectrum and fragmentation scheme of selected polyglycol... 

The application of CID(+) to the polyglycol amines in the APCI-FIA-MS-MS(+) mode showed a product ion pattern with ions equally spaced with A m/z 44 starting at m/z 212 as shown in Fig. 2.5.6(c). In addition, the inset also contains the fragmentation scheme of the fatty acid polyglycol amine parent ion at m/z 670. 

Provided that the compounds analysed in positive mode are not known, the selected and fragmented compound ions (cf. Fig. 2.5.7(b)—(d)) after computer aided product ion library search were described as AE (Fig. 2.5.7(b) and (c)) and polyglycol amines... 

Fig. 2.5.7. (a) APCI-FIA-MS(+) screening recording an artificial formulation mixed from surfactant blends as presented in Figs. 2.5.3 (AES), 2.5.5 (AE) and 2.5.6 (polyglycol amine blend). Product ion spectra of selected parent ions m/z 380, 556 and 670 of surfactant formulation as in (a) obtained by APCI-FIA-MS-MS(+). 

Fig. 2.5.9. APCI-FIA-MS-MS(+) parent ion mass spectrum from product ion (m/z 344) observed in APCI-FIA-MS-MS(+) product ion spectrum as in Fig. 2.5.6(c) (inset general structure of polyglycol amine).

Fig. 2.12.1. Chemical structure of different classes of cationic surfactants (a) quaternary ammonium surfactants (quats) (b) dialkylcarboxyethyl hydroxyethyl methyl ammonium surfactants (esterquats) (c) alkyl polyglycol amine surfactants (d) quaternary perfluoro-alkyl ammonium surfactants (e) N, N, N1, JV -tetramethyl-iV, iV -didodecyle-l,3-propane-diyle-diammonium dibromide (cationic gemini surfactant). R = alkyl or benzyl group.

Fig. 2.12.14. (a-c) Selected mass traces and (D) TIC of ESI-LC-MS(+) analysis of polyglycol amine surfactant mixture R-N H((CH2-CH2-0),c yH)2X. Isocratic separation conditions applying a PLRP column using the ion-pairing reagent methane sulfonic... 

Fig. 2.12.15. FIA-APCI-MS-MS(+) (CID) product ion mass spectrum of cationic surfactant compound (m/z 538) fatty acid polyglycol amine type observed in the Saale river, Germany (general formula R—N H((CH2—CH2—OH)x)—(CH2—CH2—OH)y X fragmentation behaviour of [M]+ parent ion at m/z 538 under CID conditions is presented...

AEOs spiked into raw wastewaters were applied to elaborate an APCI or ESI-LC-MS method to determine non-ionic surfactants after SPE. Ionisation efficiencies of both interface types were compared and the more effective APCI technique then was applied for quantification [334]. Recoveries observed with standard determination methods for surfactants and MS detection techniques for different types of surfactants (e.g. alkylether carboxylates, sulfosuccinates, fatty acid polyglycol amines, quaternary carboxoalkyl ammonium compounds, modified AEOs, EO/ PO compounds, APGs, alkyl polyglucamides, betaine and sulfobetaine) in spiked wastewater samples were compared by applying APCI and/or ESI(-i-/-).Poor recoveries were obtained by standard methods but good results by MS [335]. APCI and... 

Polyoxyalkylene amines (polyglycol amines) are another important group of polyamine hardeners. Chemically they are amine terminated polyethers derived from polyethylene glycols or polypropylene glycols. Among their unique features are flexibility, longer pot life and lighter color. 

In the case of lubricant dispersants, the polar part is organic (amine, polyamine, heterocyclic nitrogen compounds, polyglycol). 

Unlike many other borohydrides, lithium borohydride is highly soluble ia ethers including aUphatic ethers, THF, an d polyglycol ethers. It is also very soluble ia amines and ammonia. Dissolution ia water and lower aUphatic alcohols leads to extensive decomposition and hydrogen evolution. 

Emulsion breakers are made from acrylic acid or methacrylic acid copolymerized with hydrophilic monomers [148]. The acid groups of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid are oxalkylated by a mixture of polyglycols and polyglycol ethers to provide free hydroxy groups on the molecule. The copolymers are made by a conventional method, for example, by free radical copolymerization in solution, emulsion, or suspension. The oxalkylation is performed in the presence of an acid catalyst, the acid being neutralized by an amine when the reaction is complete. 

Unsatisfactory against aldehydes, aromatic amines, esters, ethers, ketones, polyglycol ethers, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, insecticides, essential oils Possible for special grades... 

Carbon dioxide removal by reactive absorption in amine solutions is also applied on the commercial scale, for instance, in the treatment of flue gas (see later in this chapter). Another possible application field of the technique is gas desulfurization, in which H2S is removed and converted to sulfur by means of reactive absorption. Aqueous solutions of ferric chelates (160-162) as well as tetramethylene sulfone, pyridine, quinoline, and polyglycol ether solutions of S02 (163,164) have been proposed as solvents. Reactive absorption can also be used for NOx reduction and removal from flue or exhaust gases (165,166). The separation of light olefins and paraffins by means of a reversible chemical com-plexation of olefins with Ag(I) or Cu(I) compounds in aqueous and nonaqueous solutions is another very interesting example of reactive absorption, one that could possibly replace the conventional cryogenic distillation technology (167). 

Polyglycol ethers Alkanolamides Alkyl ether sulphates Alkylbenzene sulphonates (amine salts) Alkylphenol ethoxylates Alkanolamides Alkylbenzene sulphonates (amine salts)... 

Solvent degreasers Fatty alcohol ethoxylates EO/PO co-polymers Amine ethoxylates Polyglycol esters Emulsifiers... 

Antistatic agents Polyglycol ethers Alkanolamides Amine ethoxylates Phosphate esters Quaternary ammonium compounds Antistatic properties... 

As a preliminary step in the manufacture of unsaturated polyester thermoset plastic one uses low molecular weight linear polyester (Mr 10,000) obtained by a polycondensation of polyglycols with saturated and unsaturated dicarboxylic acids. The precondensate can then be dissolved and stored in the stabilized comonomer, e.g. styrene, with which it will be crosslinked later. The crosslinking polymerization reaction between the polyester chains and the styrene bridges is initiated with the help of organic peroxides which are added dispersed in plasticizers. The reaction begins at 60-90 °C and then proceeds exothermally. In addition to this a cold hardening reaction can also be carried out. For this reaction cold accelerators are necessary, e.g. tertiary amines or cobalt naphthenate. 

Nonionic Surfactants. The nonionic surfactants do not dissociate in an aqueous medium. Their solubility is provided by the polar group, such as a polyglycol ether or a polyol. The most important types of fatty nonionic surfactants are the polyglycol ethers of fatty alcohols, fatty acids, amines, and amides. 

Emulsion breakers are typically specific for site or crude-oil type. Conventional emulsion breakers are most commonly formulated from the following types of chemistries polyglycols and polyglycol esters, ethoxylated alcohols and amines, ethoxylated resins, ethoxylated phenol formaldehyde resins, ethoxylated nonylphenols, polyhydric alcohols, and sulfonic acid salts. Commercial emulsion breakers may contain but one type of active ingredient or intermediate or a variety of intermediate types. 

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