Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons , solid-phase

KAYALI-SAYADI M N, RUBIO-BARROSO S, CUESTA-JIMENEZ M P and PALO-DIEZ L M (1998) Rapid determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tea infusion samples by high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorimetric detection based on solid-phase extraction , 123, 2145-8. 

Reza, J., Trejo, A., Vera-Avila, L.E. (2002) Determination of the temperature dependence of water solubilities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by a generator column-on-line solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatographic method. Chemosphere 47, 933-945. 

A gaseous sample is passed through a solid material, such as silica gel or polyurethane foam (PUF), in a tube. A glass fiber filter is often put in front of the solid support to capture particle-phase constituents, while the vapor-phase compounds are captured on the solid support. This is used for semivolatile analytes, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and pesticides. The solid support is then usually extracted in the lab with a solvent (see techniques described later in this chapter), and then the techniques used for liquid samples are followed. 

Burks, G.A. and Harmon, T.C. Volatilization of solid-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from model mixtures and lampblack-contaminated soils. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 46(4) 944-949, 2001. 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, formula, and Total concentration (filter + solid adsorbent, ng m 3) and percentage (in parentheses) of specific PAHs in particle phase ... 

From Table 8 it is obvious that the resolution always increases with an increase of the number of benzene rings and that riboflavine is a more powerful selector than the nucleotides, but not as good as TAPA. An interesting experiment shows that it is not always necessary to have the selector coated or bound to the solid phase but that it can sometimes be used as well, dissolved in the mobile phase. The n-dodecyl ester of N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-L-alanine is able to discriminate between the enantiomers of l-aza-[6]-helicene, when used as a chiral dopant in the mobile phase in HPLC on a reversed phase column 93) (see Table 9). The usefulness of this dopant must be due to the known ability of a dinitrophenyl moiety to form CT-complexes with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons the presence of a chiral site near this group causes resolution of helicenes, because the steric interactions in diastereomeric complexes will be quite different. 

Murillo et al. (2004) studied the adsorption of phenanthrene (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon -PAH) from helium as carrier gas on a coke fixed-bed adsorber, at 150 °C. The isotherm of the phenanthrene-coke system at 150 °C was found to be of Freundlich type with Fr = 0.161 and KF = 1.9 (mol/kg)(m3/mol)0161. The isotherm has been derived for phenanthrene concentrations between 1.71 X 10 4 and 1.35 X 10-2 mol/m3. Finally, the average solid-phase diffusion coefficient, calculated from several experimental runs, was found to be 6.77 X 10-8 cm2/s. 

Zeddel, A., Majcherczyk, A. Huttermann, A. (1994). Degradation and mineralization of polychlorinated biphenyls by white-rot fungi in solid-phase and soil incubation experiments. In Bioremed tation of Chlorinated and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds, ed. R. E. Hinchee, A. Leeson, L. Semprini S. K. Ong, pp. 436-40. New York Lewis Publishers. 

List of abbreviations BOD, biological oxygen demand CA, chloroanisol CCA, copper-chromate-arsenate CP, chlorophenol 2,4-D, dichlorophenoxyacetic acid DCP, dichlorophenol CFSTR, continuous-flow stirred tank reactor FBBR, fluidized-bed biofilm reactor MCP, monochlorophenol NAPL, non-aqueous phase liquid PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon PCPP, polychlorinated phenoxyphenol PCDF, polychlorinated dibenzofuran PCDD, polychlorinated dibenzodioxin PCR, polymerase chain reaction PCP, pentachlorophenol PCA, pentachloroanisole TeCP, tetrachlorophenol TeCA, tetrachloroanisole TCC, trichlorocatechol TCP, trichlorophenol TOC, total organic carbon 2,4,5-T, trichlorophenoxyacetic acid UASB, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor VSS, volatile suspended solids. 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been extracted from contaminated land samples by supercritical fluid extraction jSFE) with both pure and modified carbon dioxide. Removing an analyte from a matrix using SFE requires knowledge about die solubility of the solute, the rate of transfer of the solute from the solid to the solvent phase, and interaction of the solvent phase with the matrix. These faclors collectively control the effectiveness of the SFF process, if not of the extraction process in general. The range of samples for which SFE has been applied continues to broaden. Applications have been in the environment, food, and polymers. 

J. L. Bernal, M. J. Nozal, L. Toribio, M. L. Serna, F. Borrull, R. M. Marce and E. Pocurull, Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waters by use of supercritical fluid chromatography coupled on-line to solid-phase extraction with disks , J. Chromatogr. 778 321-328 (1997). 

Lopez-Avila et al. [107] showed that microwave-assisted extraction of pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil is a viable alternative to Soxhlet extraction and needs a smaller sample volume and extraction time [108,109]. These techniques have also been compared in the case of chlorophenols. Lopez-Avila et al. compared microwave-assisted extraction with electron capture gas chromatography to ELISA for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in soils. Both techniques are applicable to field screening and monitoring applications. Microwave-assisted extraction [111, 112] and solid-phase microextraction [113] have been applied to the extraction of pesticides from soil. It was observed by these and other workers [114] that the selectivity of microwave-assisted extraction is highly dependent on the soil composition. 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Water Solid phase High-performance liquid chromatography, post column fluorimetric detection [125]... 

Other applications of subcritical water extraction-solid-phase microextraction are the determination of terbuthylazine and its metabolites [123], polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [124,125] and polychlorobiphenyls [63]. Yang and Her [193] collected 1-chloronaphthylene, nitrobenzene and 2-chloro-toluene in soil on a hydrophobic polyisobutylene disc prior to analysis by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 

Niederer [100] used ion trap mass spectrometry and negative ion chemical ionisation to determine nitro- and oxypolyaromatic hydrocarbons in soils. Meyer et al. [101] have described a simple and reproducible method which provides the simultaneous determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and het-eropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N, S, O) and their metabolites in contaminated soils. Contaminants extracted from the soil sample were separated by polarity and acid-base characteristics using solid-phase extraction on silica gel and a strong basic anion exchange material. A subfraction containing PANHs and neutral metabolites was subsequently fractionated into neutral and basic... 

Popp, P., C. Bauer, M. Moder, and A. Paschke. 2000. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waste water by off-line coupling of solid-phase microextraction with column liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 897 153-159. 

Pino, V., J.H. Ayala, A.M. Afonso, and V. Gonzalez. 2003. Micellar microwave-assisted extraction combined with solid-phase microextraction for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a certified marine sediment. Anal. Chim. Acta All 1-91. 

Rivera, L., Curto, M. J. C., Pais, P., Galceran, M. T. Puignou, L. (1996). Solid-phase extraction for the selective isolation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, azaarenes and heterocyclic aromatic amines in charcoal-grilled meat. Journal of Chromatography A, 731, 85-94. 

Wang, H., Yu, S., Campiglia, A.D. Solid-phase nano-extraction and laser-excited time-resolved Shpolskii spectroscopy for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking water samples. Anal. Biochem. 385, 249-256 (2009)... 

J. W. Lintelmann, R. Sauerbrey, A. Kettrup, On-site solid phase extraction and coupled-column high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 352 (1995), 735-742. 

The study of the effects induced by ion irradiation of solid materials, in particular solid carbons, is relevant in many fields of science and technology. Here we focus on its relevance in astrophysics. Solid carbon-bearing species are extremely abundant in space both in the gas and in the solid phases. A wide variety of solid carbons are observed in the interstellar and circumstellar medium as well as in many objects of the Solar System including those collected at or nearby Earth (interplanetary dust particles and meteorites). Observed and/or predicted carbon-bearing solids (or large molecules) include species with different hybridizations (sp, sp, sp" ) such as amorphous carbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, fullerenes, nanodiamonds, graphite, and carbon chain molecules. The literature in the field is enormous interesting reviews can be found in a recent special volume of Speetroehimica Acta [1]. 

Palmira Arenaz-Laborda, M., Extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil using hot water extraction coupled with solid phase microextraction , MSc Dissertation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK, 1998. 

Nguyen, J.A.-L. and J.H.T. Luong. 1997. Separation and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by solid phase microextraction/cyclodextrin-modified capillary electrophoresis. Anal. Chem. 69 1726-1731. 

Acetylene has been observed in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Titan [33, 34] and more recently has been identified in significant abundance in comet Hyakutake [35]. Following the discovery of acetylene in Hyakutake, photochemical experiments have demonstrated [36] that this molecule is a likely precursor of C2, a widely observed component of comets. Acetylene itself may therefore be a ubiquitous constituent of comets. It has been proposed [37] that polymerization of acetylene in cometary impact on planetary atmospheres may be responsible for the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which may in turn be responsible for the colors of the atmospheres of Jupiter and Titan. Shock-induced polymerization of acetylene has been observed in the gas phase [38], and static high-pressure experiments have demonstrated polymerization of orthorhombic solid acetylene above 3 to... 

Doong, R., Chang, S., and Sun, Y., Solid-phase microextraction for determining the distribution of sixteen US Environmental Protection Agency polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples,... 

Brown, J. N. and Peake, B. M., Determination of colloidally-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fresh water using solid phase extraction disks. Anal. Chim. Acta, 486, 159-169, 2003. 

Dimitrienko, S. G., Ya Gurariy, E., Nosov, R. E., and Zolotov, Yu A., Solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous samples using polyurethane foams in cormection with solid-matrix spectrofluorimetry. Anal. Lett., 34, 425-438, 2001. 

Doong, R. and Chang, S., Determination of distribution coefficients of priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using solid-phase microextraction. Anal Chem., 72, 3647-3652, 2000. 

Niehus, B., Popp, P., Bauer, C., Peklo, G., and Zwanziger, H., Comparison of stir bar sorptive extraction and solid phase extraction as enrichment techniques in combination with column liquid chromatography for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples, Int. J. Anal Chem., 82, 669-676, 2002. 

Sun, F., Littlejohn, D., and Gibson, M. D., Ultrasonication extraction and solid phase extraction clean-up for determination of U.S. EPA 16 priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in solids by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Anal. Chim. Acta, 364, 1-11, 1998. 

Hawthorne, S. B., Trembley, S., Moniot, C. L., Grabanski, C. B., and Miller, D. J., Static subcritical water extraction with simultaneous solid-phase extraction for determining polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on environmental solids, J. Chromatogr. A, 886, 237-244, 2000. 

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