Sites solid phase

Laplace parameter, stoichiometric number, surface site solid (phase) slope instantaneous fractional yield of P with respect to A, equation 5.2-8 substrate split point (of streams) entropy, J K-1... 

Recombinant insulin precursor MI3 Study of the target protein per se and selection of appropriate binding sites Solid-phase combinatorial chemistry (64 ligands) solution-phase synthesis of a sub-library Affinity chromatography SPR 15,18,19... 

Eisert, R., S. Jackson, and A. Krotzky. 2001. Application of on-site solid-phase microextraction in aquatic dissipation studies of profoxydim in rice. J. Chromatogr. A 909 29-36. 

The RIA-gnost Ferritin kit (no more commercially available) from formerly Behringwerke AG, Radiochemical Laboratory described below uses the principle of an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA). It is a two-site solid phase assay of the sandwich type, based on a plastic bead as solid phase to which the antiferritin antibody adheres. The antibody-solid phase is incubated with standards or serum samples containing ferritin and in this process the ferritin in the solution is bound quantitatively to the solid phase via the antibody. The amount of ferritin bound to the solid phase is then determined by a reaction with 125I-labeled anti-ferritin antibody. An antibody-ferritin-125I-antibody complex is thus formed. 

J. W. Lintelmann, R. Sauerbrey, A. Kettrup, On-site solid phase extraction and coupled-column high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 352 (1995), 735-742. 

Osemwengie LI, Steinberg S (2001) On-site solid-phase extraction and laboratory analysis of ultra-trace synthetic musks in municipal sewage effluent using gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry in the full-scan mode. J Chromat A 932, 107-118. 

Density functional theory from statistical mechanics is a means to describe the thermodynamics of the solid phase with information about the fluid [17-19]. In density functional theory, one makes an ansatz about the structure of the solid, usually describing the particle positions by Gaussian distributions around their lattice sites. The free... 

In most circumstances, it can be assumed diat die gas-solid reaction proceeds more rapidly diaii die gaseous transport, and dierefore diat local equilibrium exists between die solid and gaseous components at die source and sink. This implies diat die extent and direction of die transport reaction at each end of die temperature gradient may be assessed solely from diermodynamic data, and diat die rate of uansport across die interface between die gas and die solid phases, at bodi reactant and product sites, is not rate-determining. Transport of die gaseous species between die source of atoms and die sink where deposition takes place is die rate-determining process. 

The mechanism of ion polymerization in formaldehyde crystals proposed by Basilevskii et al. [1982] rests on Semenov s [1960] assumption that solid-phase chain reactions are possible when the arrangement of the reactants in the crystal prepares the configuration of the future chain. The monomer crystals capable of low-temperature polymerization fulfill this condition. In the initial equilibrium state the monomer molecules are located in the lattice sites and the creation of a chemical bond requires surmounting a high barrier. However, upon creation of the primary dimer cation, the active center shifts to the intersite, and the barrier for the addition of the next link... 

Let us enter the world of liquid crystals built by the purely entropic forces present in hard body systems. The phase diagram of hard spherocylinders (HSC) shows a rich variety of liquid crystalline phases [71,72]. It includes the isotropic, nematic, smectic A, plastic, and solid phases [73]. In a plastic crystal the particle centers lie on lattice sites, but the orientations of the... 

The Zincke reaction has also been adapted for the solid phase. Dupas et al. prepared NADH-model precursors 58, immobilized on silica, by reaction of bound amino functions 57 with Zincke salt 8 (Scheme 8.4.19) for subsequent reduction to the 1,4-dihydropyridines with sodium dithionite. Earlier, Ise and co-workers utilized the Zincke reaction to prepare catalytic polyelectrolytes, starting from poly(4-vinylpyridine). Formation of Zincke salts at pyridine positions within the polymer was achieved by reaction with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, and these sites were then functionalized with various amines. The resulting polymers showed catalytic activity in ester hydrolysis. ... 

Some limitations of optical microscopy were apparent in applying [247—249] the technique to supplement kinetic investigations of the low temperature decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP), a particularly extensively studied solid phase rate process [59]. The porous residue is opaque. Scanning electron microscopy showed that decomposition was initiated at active sites scattered across surfaces and reaction resulted in the formation of square holes on m-faces and rhombic holes on c-faces. These sites of nucleation were identified [211] as points of intersection of line dislocations with an external boundary face and the kinetic implications of the observed mode of nucleation and growth have been discussed [211]. 

The second step introduces the side chain group by nucleophilic displacement of the bromide (as a resin-bound a-bromoacetamide) with an excess of primary amine. Because there is such diversity in reactivity among candidate amine submonomers, high concentrations of the amine are typically used ( l-2 M) in a polar aprotic solvent (e.g. DMSO, NMP or DMF). This 8 2 reaction is really a mono-alkylation of a primary amine, a reaction that is typically complicated by over-alkylation when amines are alkylated with halides in solution. However, since the reactive bromoacetamide is immobilized to the solid support, any over-alkyla-tion side-products would be the result of a cross-reaction with another immobilized oligomer (slow) in preference to reaction with an amine in solution at high concentration (fast). Thus, in the sub-monomer method, the solid phase serves not only to enable a rapid reaction work-up, but also to isolate reactive sites from... 

From Fig.2 (a), A solid phase transformation fiom hematite, Fc203 to magnetite, Fe304, is observed, indicating that the active sites of the catalj are related to Fc304. Suzuki et. al also found that Fe304 plays an important role in the formation of active centers by a redox mechanism [6]. It is also observed that the hematite itself relates to the formation of benzene at the initial periods, but no obvious iron carbide peaks are found on the tested Li-Fe/CNF, formation of which is considered as one of the itsisons for catalyst deactivation [3,6]. 

Oxygen limitation may be a seriously limiting factor especially in deep subsurface sites, and there is evidence that degradation in the solid phase is less effective than in slurries. 

In topochemical reactions all steps, including that of nucleation of the new phase, occur exclusively at the interface between two solid phases, one being the reactant and the other the product. As the reaction proceeds, this interface gradually advances in the direction of the reactant. In electrochemical systems, topochemical reactions are possible only when the reactant or product is porous enough to enable access of reacting species from the solution to each reaction site. The number of examples electrochemical reactions known to follow a truly topochemical mechanism is very limited. One of these examples are the reactions occurring at the silver (positive) electrode of silver-zinc storage batteries (with alkaline electrolyte) ... 

Over An deposited on 3-D mesoporous Ti-Si02 with pore diameter of 9nm, one of the best results was obtained. At an SV of 4000 h/mL/g-cat., propylene conversion above 8%, PO selectivity of 91% giving a steady STY of 80 g PO/h/kg-cat. [84]. The surfaces of 3-D mesoporous Ti-Si02 were trimethylsilylated for rendering hydro-phobicity, which enables higher temperature operation of reaction [86]. As a solid phase promoter, alkaline or alkaline earth metal chlorides are efficient, however, chloride anions markedly enhance the coagulation of An particles in a short period [87]. Finally, Ba(N03)2 was selected as the best promoter which might kill the steady acid sites as BaO (after calcination) on the catalyst surfaces [84,88]. 

Figure 2 Immobilized antigen ELISA format. Antigen is immobilized to a solid phase by passive adsorption. Following removal of unbound antigen, analyte (free H) and antigen (H-protein) compete for a fixed number of primary antibody (Y) binding sites. Unbound materials are removed (dotted line). Secondary antibody-enzyme conjugate (Y-E) is added to bind to primary antibody followed by another wash step. Substrate (A) for the enzyme is added to detect the bound enzyme. The amount of colored product ( ) detected is inversely proportional to the amount of analyte present...

Another commonly used ELISA format is the immobilized antibody assay or direct competitive assay (Eigure 3). The primary anti-analyte antibody is immobilized on the solid phase and the analyte competes with a known amount of enzyme-labeled hapten for binding sites on the immobilized antibody. Eirst, the anti-analyte antibody is adsorbed on the microtiter plate wells. In the competition step, the analyte and enzyme-labeled hapten are added to microtiter plate wells and unbound materials are subsequently washed out. The enzyme substrate is then added for color production. Similarly to indirect competitive immunoassay, absorption is inversely proportional to the concentration of analyte. The direct competitive ELISA format is commonly used in commercial immunoassay test kits. 

Figure 4 Sandwich immunoassay. A capture antibody (Y) is passively adsorbed on a solid phase. The target protein contained in the sample and the enzyme-labeled reporter antibody (Y-E) are added. Both the capture antibody and enzyme-labeled reporter antibody bind to the target protein at different sites, sandwiching it between the antibodies. Following a wash step, the substrate (<>) is added and colored product ( ) formed. The amount of colored product is directly proportional to the amount of target protein captured...

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