Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons solid-phase extraction

KAYALI-SAYADI M N, RUBIO-BARROSO S, CUESTA-JIMENEZ M P and PALO-DIEZ L M (1998) Rapid determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tea infusion samples by high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorimetric detection based on solid-phase extraction , 123, 2145-8. 

Reza, J., Trejo, A., Vera-Avila, L.E. (2002) Determination of the temperature dependence of water solubilities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by a generator column-on-line solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatographic method. Chemosphere 47, 933-945. 

A gaseous sample is passed through a solid material, such as silica gel or polyurethane foam (PUF), in a tube. A glass fiber filter is often put in front of the solid support to capture particle-phase constituents, while the vapor-phase compounds are captured on the solid support. This is used for semivolatile analytes, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and pesticides. The solid support is then usually extracted in the lab with a solvent (see techniques described later in this chapter), and then the techniques used for liquid samples are followed. 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been extracted from contaminated land samples by supercritical fluid extraction jSFE) with both pure and modified carbon dioxide. Removing an analyte from a matrix using SFE requires knowledge about die solubility of the solute, the rate of transfer of the solute from the solid to the solvent phase, and interaction of the solvent phase with the matrix. These faclors collectively control the effectiveness of the SFF process, if not of the extraction process in general. The range of samples for which SFE has been applied continues to broaden. Applications have been in the environment, food, and polymers. 

J. L. Bernal, M. J. Nozal, L. Toribio, M. L. Serna, F. Borrull, R. M. Marce and E. Pocurull, Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waters by use of supercritical fluid chromatography coupled on-line to solid-phase extraction with disks , J. Chromatogr. 778 321-328 (1997). 

Lopez-Avila et al. [107] showed that microwave-assisted extraction of pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil is a viable alternative to Soxhlet extraction and needs a smaller sample volume and extraction time [108,109]. These techniques have also been compared in the case of chlorophenols. Lopez-Avila et al. compared microwave-assisted extraction with electron capture gas chromatography to ELISA for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in soils. Both techniques are applicable to field screening and monitoring applications. Microwave-assisted extraction [111, 112] and solid-phase microextraction [113] have been applied to the extraction of pesticides from soil. It was observed by these and other workers [114] that the selectivity of microwave-assisted extraction is highly dependent on the soil composition. 

Other applications of subcritical water extraction-solid-phase microextraction are the determination of terbuthylazine and its metabolites [123], polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [124,125] and polychlorobiphenyls [63]. Yang and Her [193] collected 1-chloronaphthylene, nitrobenzene and 2-chloro-toluene in soil on a hydrophobic polyisobutylene disc prior to analysis by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 

Niederer [100] used ion trap mass spectrometry and negative ion chemical ionisation to determine nitro- and oxypolyaromatic hydrocarbons in soils. Meyer et al. [101] have described a simple and reproducible method which provides the simultaneous determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and het-eropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N, S, O) and their metabolites in contaminated soils. Contaminants extracted from the soil sample were separated by polarity and acid-base characteristics using solid-phase extraction on silica gel and a strong basic anion exchange material. A subfraction containing PANHs and neutral metabolites was subsequently fractionated into neutral and basic... 

Pino, V., J.H. Ayala, A.M. Afonso, and V. Gonzalez. 2003. Micellar microwave-assisted extraction combined with solid-phase microextraction for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a certified marine sediment. Anal. Chim. Acta All 1-91. 

Rivera, L., Curto, M. J. C., Pais, P., Galceran, M. T. Puignou, L. (1996). Solid-phase extraction for the selective isolation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, azaarenes and heterocyclic aromatic amines in charcoal-grilled meat. Journal of Chromatography A, 731, 85-94. 

Wang, H., Yu, S., Campiglia, A.D. Solid-phase nano-extraction and laser-excited time-resolved Shpolskii spectroscopy for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking water samples. Anal. Biochem. 385, 249-256 (2009)... 

J. W. Lintelmann, R. Sauerbrey, A. Kettrup, On-site solid phase extraction and coupled-column high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 352 (1995), 735-742. 

Palmira Arenaz-Laborda, M., Extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil using hot water extraction coupled with solid phase microextraction , MSc Dissertation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK, 1998. 

Brown, J. N. and Peake, B. M., Determination of colloidally-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fresh water using solid phase extraction disks. Anal. Chim. Acta, 486, 159-169, 2003. 

Dimitrienko, S. G., Ya Gurariy, E., Nosov, R. E., and Zolotov, Yu A., Solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous samples using polyurethane foams in cormection with solid-matrix spectrofluorimetry. Anal. Lett., 34, 425-438, 2001. 

Niehus, B., Popp, P., Bauer, C., Peklo, G., and Zwanziger, H., Comparison of stir bar sorptive extraction and solid phase extraction as enrichment techniques in combination with column liquid chromatography for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples, Int. J. Anal Chem., 82, 669-676, 2002. 

Sun, F., Littlejohn, D., and Gibson, M. D., Ultrasonication extraction and solid phase extraction clean-up for determination of U.S. EPA 16 priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in solids by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Anal. Chim. Acta, 364, 1-11, 1998. 

Hawthorne, S. B., Trembley, S., Moniot, C. L., Grabanski, C. B., and Miller, D. J., Static subcritical water extraction with simultaneous solid-phase extraction for determining polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on environmental solids, J. Chromatogr. A, 886, 237-244, 2000. 

Crozier, P. W., Plomley, J. B., and Matchuk, L., Trace level analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface waters by solid phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry (GC-ITMS), Analyst, 126, 1974-1979, 2001. 

Whitcomb, J. L., Bystol, A. J., and Campiglia, A. D., Time-resolved laser-induced fluorimetry for screening polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on solid-phase extraction membranes, Anal. Chim. Acta, 464, 261-272, 2002. 

Ultrasonic LSE is most applicable to the isolation of semivolatile and nonvolatile organic compounds from solid matrices such as soil, sediment, clays, sand, coal tar, and other related solid wastes. U-LSE is also very useful for the disruption of biological material such as serum or tissue. U-LSE can be coupled with solid-phase extraction (SPE) to give a very robust sample preparation method at relatively low cost in comparison to MAE and ASE approaches. The author has utilized U-LSE/SPE to isolate and recover 9,10-dimethyl-l,2-benzanthracene from animal bedding. A 89% recovery was obtained for bedding that was spiked with this polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) of interest to toxicologists (20). An ultrasonic horn and tip are immersed into a mixture of liquid extractant and solid sample and sonicated at some percent of full power for a finite length of time, either continuously or pulsed. 

Metal organic framewoiks (MOFs) have been found to have industrial ap-pUcations [146], among them the solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) offers an alternative to water decontamination. Pyrene is one of these PAHs that can be found as a pollutant in contaminated water. Therefore, MOFs able to detect and/or extract pyrene from water are highly desirable, and some examples of MOFs designed for the detection and extraction of pyrene can be found in the hterature [147,148]. This proves one more time that pyrene is a guest of honor. 

Huo S-H, Yan X-P. Facile magnetization of metal-organic framework MIL-101 for magnetic solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples. Analyst 2012 137 3445-51. 

Navarro P, Cortazar E, Bartolome L, Deusto M, Raposo JC, Zuloaga O, Arana G, Etxebarria N (2006) Comparison of solid-phase extraction, saponification and gel permeation chromatography for the clean-up of microwave-assisted biological extracts in the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Chromatogr A 1128 10-16... 

Another, newer possibility is solid-phase extraction on bonded-phase organosilica-based sorbents. Chlorophenolics (26,27), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (28) as environmental contaminants were extracted by this mentioned method. 

Although the requirement for specialized high pressure equipment has limited its application, extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide maintained at temperatures and pressures above the critical point where separate liquid and vapor phases do not exist is a very effective means of extracting some organic analytes. Method 3561 is used to extract polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as acenaphthene, benzo(a)py-rene, fluorene, and pyrene from solid samples using a relatively complicated three-step procedure. 

Kira, S. Sakano, M. Nogami, Y. Measurement of a time-weighted average concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aquatic environment using solid phase extraction cartridges and a portable pump. Bull, Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1997,58, 879-884. 

The first example of the utilization of MOFs for solid-phase extraction (SPE) was reported by Yan s group in 2006. Copper(II) isonicotinate [Cu(4-C5Fl4N- 00)2(1320)4] MOF was dry-packed in a precolumn for flow injection SPE on-line coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (FIPLC) for the determination of trace polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAFIs) in coal fly ash and local water samples. Enhancement factors from 200 to 2337 for the studied PAFIs ranged were achieved, depending on the shape, size, and hydrophobic property of the PAHs. Recently, Zn(BTA)2 (BTA = benzotriazole) and MOF-5 were also explored as novel sorbents for the SPE of trace benzo[a]pyrene in edible oils and PAFIs in environmental matrices, respectively. 

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