Microwave-assisted micellar extraction

Another new approach combines MAE with the use of an aqueous surfactant solution as the extracting phase. This new technique is called microwave-assisted micellar extraction (MAME). This procedure is based on the well-known solubilization capacity of aqueous micellar solutions toward water-insoluble or sparingly soluble organic compounds. As a general rule, nonionic surfactants are usually the most effective, showing greater solubilization capacities that rapidly increase with the solubilization kinetics as the cloud-point temperature of the solution is raised. 

Other techniques that have been used to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil extracts include ELISA field screening [86], micellar elec-tr okinetic capillary chromatography [ 87], supersonic jet laser-induced fluorescence [88,89], fluorescence quenching [90], thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [81,90,100], microwave-assisted extraction [91], thermal desorption [92], immunochemical methods [93,94], electrophoresis [96], thin layer chromatography [95], and pyrolysis gas chromatography [35]. 

Pino, V., J.H. Ayala, A.M. Afonso, and V. Gonzalez. 2003. Micellar microwave-assisted extraction combined with solid-phase microextraction for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a certified marine sediment. Anal. Chim. Acta All 1-91. 

Gulmini, M., Bianco Prevot, A., Pramauro, E., and Zelano, V., Surfactant micellar solutions as alternative solvents for microwave-assisted extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from a spiked river sediment. Polycyclic Aromat. Compd., 22, 55-70, 2002. 

Figure 13. Scheme of steps involved in a micellar microwave- or ultrasound-assisted extraction to determine PAHs in solid samples. 

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