Polychlorobiphenyls

Brinkman et al. [35,36] used a silica gel column which elutes the higher chlorinated PCBs in the normal phase. This system produced a reasonable separation of the lower chlorinated PCBs present predominantly in the commercial mixture Arochlor 1221 but was less efficient in separating the more highly-chlorinated PCBs present in Arochlors 1254 and 2160). Kaminsky and Fasco [37] investigated the potential reversed phase liquid chromatography to the analysis of PCB mixture in environmental samples. They used mixtures of water and acetonitrile as the mobile phase to aAieve analysis of 49 different PCBs and of samples of Arochlor 1221, 1016,1254 and 1260. 

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E ivironrr lent Absence of toxic compounds such as polychlorobiphenyls (PCB s)... 

Plaster of Paris Platinum, soluble salts (as Pt) Polychlorobiphenyls, see Chlorodiphenyls Polytetrafluoroethylene decomposition products Propane... 

Several industrial facilities near a residential area emit tlie inhalable pollutants ethylene oxide, polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Tlie aimual average concentration of ethylene oxide, PCBs, and PAHs are 10 pg/in, 2 pg/m, and 5 pg/m, respectively. 

Asturias JA, KN Timmis (1993) Three different 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl-l, 2-dioxygenase genes in the Gram-positive polychlorobiphenyl-degrading bacterium Rhodococcus globerulus P6. J Bacteriol 175 4631-4640. 

Beaudette LA, S Davies, PM Fedorak, OP Ward, MA Pickard (1998) Comparsion of gas chromatography and mineralization experiments for measuring loss of selected polychlorobiphenyl congeners in cultures of white rot fungi. Appl Environ Microbiol 64 2020-2025. 

Fava F, D Di Gioia (1998) Effects of Triton X-100 and quillaya saponin on the ex situ bioremediation of a chronically polychlorobiphenyl-contaminated soil. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 50 623-630. 

Wiemeyer SN, Lamont TG, Bunck CM, Sindelar CR, Gramlich FJ, Fraser JD, Byrd MA. 1984. Organochloride pesticide, polychlorobiphenyl, and mercury residues in bald eagle eggs — 1969-1979 — and their relationships to shell thinnings and reproduction. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 13 529-549. 

A mixture of a polychlorobiphenyl process oil and liquid chlorine confined in a stainless steel bomb reacted exothermally between 25 and 81°C. 

Brodsky, J., Ballschmiter, K. (1988) Reversed phase liquid chromatography of PCBs as a basis for the calculation of water solubility and log KqW for polychlorobiphenyls. Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. 331, 295-301. 

Fuoco et al. [539] has reported the analysis of priority pollutants in seawater using online supercritical fluid chromatography, cryotrap gas chromatogra-phy-mass spectrometry. Using this system polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorobiphenyls were measured in seawater with recoveries better than 75%. 

Pedensen-Bjergaard et al. [364] compared three different methods (GC-ECD, GC-MS, GC-AED) for the determination of polychlorobiphenyls in highly contaminated marine sediments. 

In the adsorption with Tenax alone satisfactory results were obtained, while in the presence of mineral oil a considerable proportion of the organophos-phorus pesticides (particularly Malathion and Parathion-methyl) was not adsorbed and was recovered in the filtered water. This drawback can be overcome by adding a layer of Celite 545 which, in order to prevent blocking of the column, is mixed with silanised glass wool plugs. A number of analyses of surface and estuarine sea waters were carried out by this modified Tenax column and simultaneously by the liquid-liquid extraction technique. To some of the samples taken, standard mixtures of pesticides were also added, each at the level of 1 xg/l (i.e., in concentration from 13 to 500 times higher than that usually found in the waters analysed). One recovery trial also specifically concerned polychlorobiphenyls. The results obtained in these tests show that the two extraction methods, when applied to surface waters that were not filtered before extraction, yielded very similar results for many insecticides, with the exception of compounds of the DDT series, for which discordant results were frequently obtained. 

Kelly et al. [ 372 ] has described a sampling apparatus constructed to collect 28 litre samples of seawater designed to mimimise sample contamination derived from the ships environment. Its utility in the study of polychlorobiphenyls, pentachlorophenols, and organochlorine pesticides was investigated. 

Pierard C, Budzinski H, Garrigues P (1996) Grain-size distribution of polychlorobiphenyls in coastal sediments. Environ Sci Technol 30(9) 2776-2783... 

Faria M, Carrasco L, Diez S, Riva MC, Bayona JM, Barata C (2009) Multi-biomarker responses in the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha exposed to polychlorobiphenyls and metals. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 149(3) 281-288... 

Wiemeyer, S.N., T.G. Lamont, C.M. Bunck, C.R. Sindelar, FJ. Gramlich, J.D. Fraser, and M.A. Byrd. 1984. Organochlorine pesticide, polychlorobiphenyl, and mercury residues in bald eagle eggs — 1966-79 — and their relationships to shell thinning and reproduction. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13 529-549. Wolfe, J.L. and B.R. Norment. 1973. Accumulation of mirex residues in selected organisms after an aerial treatment, Mississippi, 1971-1972. Pestic. Monitor. Jour. 7 112-114. 

Bush, B., R.W. Streeter, and R.J. Sloan. 1990. Polychlorobiphenyl (PCB) congeners in striped bass (Morone saxatilis) from marine and estuarine waters of New York state determined by capillary gas chromatography. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19 49-61. 

Masse, R., D. Martineau, L. Tremblay, and P. Beland. 1986. Concentrations and chromatographic profile of DDT metabolites and polychlorobiphenyl (PCB) residues in stranded beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence estuary, Canad. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15 567-579. 

Opperhuizen, A. and S.M. Schrap. 1988. Uptake efficiencies of two polychlorobiphenyls in fish after dietary exposure to five different concentrations. Chemosphere 17 253-262. 

Swackhammer, D.L., B.D. McVeety, and R.A. Hites. 1988. Deposition and evaporation of polychlorobiphenyl congeners to and from Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale, Lake Superior. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22 664-672. 

Zupancic-Kralj, L., J. Jan, and J. Marsel. 1992. Assessment of polychlorobiphenyls in human/poultry fat and in hair/plumage from a contaminated area. Chemosphere 25 1861-1867. 

Detectors range from the universal, but less sensitive, to the very sensitive but limited to a particular class of compounds. The thermal conductivity detector (TCD) is the least sensitive but responds to all classes of compounds. Another common detector is the flame ionization detector (FID), which is very sensitive but can only detect organic compounds. Another common and very sensitive detector is called electron capture. This detector is particularly sensitive to halogenated compounds, which can be particularly important when analyzing pollutants such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorobiphenyl (PCB) compounds. Chapter 13 provides more specific information about chromatographic methods applied to soil analysis. 

Spectrofluorimetric methods are applicable to the determination of aliphatic hydrocarbons, and humic and fulvic acids in soil, aliphatic hydrocarbons polyaromatic hydrocarbons, optical whiteners, and selenium in non-saline sediments, aliphatic aromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons and humic and fulvic acids in saline sediments. The only application found in luminescence spectroscopy is the determination of polychlorobiphenyl in soil. Generally speaking, concentrations down to the picogram (pg L 1), level can be determined by this technique with recovery efficiencies near f00%. 

This technique has been used for the determination of polychlorobiphenyls, polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorodibenzofurans, alkyl phosphates, chlorinated insecticides, organophosphorus insecticides, triazine herbicides. Dacthal insecticide, insecticide/herbicide mixtures, mixtures of organic compounds and organotin compounds in soils, and polyaromatic compounds, polychlorobiphenyls, chlorinated insecticides and organotin compounds in non-saline sediments and anionic surfactants in sludges. 

In non-saline sediments aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, phthalate esters carboxylic acids, uronic acid aldoses chloroaliphatics haloaromatics chlorophenols chloroanisoles polychlorobiphenyls polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins poychlorodibenzofurans various organosulphur compounds, chlorinated insecticides, organophosphorus insecticides mixtures of organic compounds triazine herbicides arsenic and organic compounds of mercury and tin. 

In sludge anionic and non-ionic surfactants carboxylic acids hhydroxybutyrate hydroxy valerate chloroaliphatic compounds chlorophenols polychlorobiphenyls 4-nitrophenol mixtures of organic compounds chlorinated insecticides, phenoxy acetic acid type herbicides and organotin compounds. 

This technique has been applied to the determination of heteroaromatic compounds, anthropogenic hydrocarbons, polymers, haloaromatic compounds in soils, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, cationic surfactants and polychlorobiphenyls and mixtures of organic compounds in non-saline sediments and bacteria identification in sludges. 

This technique has been used to determine the following types of organic compounds in soil polychlorobiphenyls, chlorinated insecticides, triazine herbicides, paraquat and diquat. 

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