Organochlorine insecticides and polychlorobiphenyls

Mattson and Nygren [580] devised a solvent extraction method for extracting PCBs from sewage sludge containing lipids. They point out 

The sample extracts were rim with an electron capture detector ( Ni). The 2.4m x 0.18cm (id) glass column was filled with a mechanical mixture of two parts of 8% QF-1 and one part of 4% SF-96 on acid-washed silanised Chromosorb W (100-120 mesh). Typical chromatograms obtained by this procedure are shown in Fig. 15.7. 

The determination of chlorinated insecticides and of polychloro-biphenyls is also discussed in Table 15.13. 

Source Reproduced by permission from the American Chemical Society [588] 

Other organic compounds that have been determined in sewage effluents include the following (see Table 15.13) hydrocarbons, alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, chlorobenzenes, nitrosamines, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, nitriloacetic acid, organophosphorus compounds, linear alkyl benzene sulphonates, methyl mercaptan, polychlorobiphenyls and chlorinated insecticides. 

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Wegmann and Hofstee [43] have developed a capillary gas chromatographic method for the determination of organochlorine insecticides in river sediments. Bottom soils from rivers, collected in slow current areas may contain high concentrations of organochlorine insecticides and polychlorobiphenyls. When the current moves more rapidly or benthic animals become more active, these compounds are stirred into the water along with suspended particles and become accessible to organisms that live in the bottom layer. 

Table 9.7 presents the results of analysis of organochlorine insecticides and polychlorobiphenyls using copper, mercury and tetrabutyl ammonium sulphate to desulphurize bottom soil extracts. 

The method for analysing sediment involves extraction of organochlorine insecticides and polychlorobiphenyls with a mixture of acetone and hexane together with 1% aqueous ammonium chloride. The extracts are then concentrated for purification with concentrated sulphuric acid and aqueous sodium sulphite in the presence of tetrabutylammonium sulphate and finally gas chromatographic analysis is applied. 

Organochlorine -insecticides and polychlorobiphenyls Dual detection system [367]... 

Organochlorine insecticides and polychlorobiphenyls Electron capture Discussion on sample preservation clean up and recovery from water [111]... 

Organochlorine insecticides and polychlorobiphenyls Organochlorine insecticides and polychlorobiphenyls 25 organochlorine insecticides and polychlorobiphenyls DDT, HCHs, HCB... 

As discussed in section 5.6.1.4 a solid phase carbon trap has been used in conjunction with supercritical fluid extraction liquid chromatography for the simultaneous determination of organochlorine insecticides, polychlorobiphenyls, polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans in soils [19]. 

Various workers [50-62] have reported methods for the determination of polychlorobiphenyls and organochlorine insecticides in sewage and sewage sludges. 

McIntyre et al. [58, 59] conclude that the extraction of polychlorobiphenyls and organochlorine insecticides is most efficient at a total solids concentration of lg L-l, using the extraction procedure described above. The recovery of p,p -DDE from subsamples was always found to be the lowest of the four determinands considered (61.8%), while recoveries of Aroclor 1260, 7-HCH, and Dieldrin from the diluted sample averaged 96.3, 89.4 and 82.9% respectively at lg L-l total solids. 

Polychlorobiphenyls and chlorinated insecticides Silica gel 0.02-0.9 (organochlorine insecticides) 0.5-0.9pg L 1 (polychlorobiphenyls) [38]... 

Other organic compounds that have been determined in sewage effluents by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry include the following (Table 16.7) nanylphenoxycarboxylic acids, chlorinated hydrocarbons, polychlorobiphenyls, organochlorine insecticides, hexachlorophene, pentachlorophenol, A -(phenylsulphonyl) sarcosine, dimethyl di, tri and tetrasulphides, Abrazine, Nirex, and volatile organic compounds. 

McIntyre et al. [58, 59] described a method for the analysis of polychlorobiphenyls and chlorinated insecticides in sewage sludges in which homogenized samples are extracted with hexane, concentrated and cleaned up on an alumina/alumina plus silver nitrate column and eluted with hexane. After concentration of the eluent, polychlorobiphenyl and organochlorine compounds were determined by a silica gel chromatographic procedure and gas chromatography. 

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