Polychlorinated biphenyls in air

Cotham, W. E., and T. F. Bidleman, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Air at an Urban and Rural Site near Lake Michigan, Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 2782-2789 (1995). 

Cotham, W.E., Bidleman, T.R (1995) Polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons and polychlorinated-biphenyls in air at an urban and a rural site near Lake Michigan. Environmental Science and Technology, 29(11) 2782-2789. 

ASTM International (2003a). D 4861, Standard practice for sampling and selection of analytical techniques for pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in air. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 11.03, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohoken, PA, USA (website http //www.astm.org). 

Barro, R., S. Ares, C. Garcia-Jares, M. Llompart, and R. Cela. 2005. A simple and fast micromethod for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls in air by sorbent enrichment and ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 381( ) 255-60. 

Cotham W, Bidleman T (1995) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in air at an urban and a rural site near Lake Michigan. Environ Sci Technol 29 2782-2789 Dachs J, Eisenreich SJ (2000) Adsorption onto aerosol soot carbon dominates gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ Sci Technol 34 3690-3697 Daly GL, Wania F (2004) Simulating the influence of snow on the fate of organic compounds. Environ Sci Technol 38 4176 186... 

Cetin B, Odabasi M (2008) Atmospheric concentrations and phase partitioning of polytaominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Izmir, Turkey. Chemosphere 71 1067-1078 Chen S-J, Hsieh L-T, Hwang P-S (1996) Concentration, phase distribution, and size distribution of atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls measured in southern Taiwan. Environ Int 22 411-423 Chen L-G, Mai B-X, Bi X-H et al (2006) Concentration levels, compositional profiles, and gas-particle partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the atmosphere of an urban city in South China Environ Sci Technol 40 1190-1196 Chuang JC, Mack GA, Kuhlman MR et al (1991) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and then-derivatives in indoor and outdoor air in an eight-home study. Atmos Environ B 25 369-380 Cotham WE, Bidleman TF (1995) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in air at an urban and a rural site near Lake Michigan. Environ Sci Technol 29 2782-2789... 

Yamada, M. Suga, M. Waki, L Sakamoto, M. Morita, M. Continuous monitoring of polychlorinated biphenyls in air using direct sampling APCI/ITMS. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 2005, 244, 65-71. 

Hornbuckle KC, CW Sweeet, DL Swackhamer, SJ Eisenreich (1995) Assessing annual water-air fluxes of polychlorinated biphenyls in Lake Michigan. Environ Sci Technol 29 869-877. 

Volatilization. Transfer of chemicals across the air/water interface can result in either a net gain or loss of chemical, although in many cases the bulk concentration in the air above a contaminated water body is low enough to be neglected (20). When the atmosphere is the primary source of the contaminant, as for example polychlorinated biphenyls in some parts of the Laurentian Great Lakes, atmospheric concentrations obviously cannot be neglected. The Whitman two-film or two-resistance approach (21) has been applied to a number of environmental situations (20, 22, 23). Transport across the air/water interface is viewed as a two-stage process, in which both phases of the interface can offer resistance to transport of the chemical. The rate of transfer depends on turbulence in the water body and in the atmosphere, the... 

EPA. 1984c. Method T04 for the determination of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls. In Winberry et al. Compendium of methods for the determination of toxic organic compounds in ambient air. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC. (authors Winberry, et al). EPA-600/4-84-041. 

Benthe, C., Heinzow, B., Jessen, H., Mohr, S. and Rotard, W. (1992) Polychlorinated biphenyls. Indoor air contamination due to Thiokol-rubber sealants in an office building. Chemosphere, 25,1481-6. 

Hombuckle, K.C., Jeremiason, J.D., Sweet, C.W., Eisenreich, S.J. (1994) Seasonal variations in air-water exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls in lake Superior. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28, 1491-2501. 

Benthe C, Heinzow B, lessen H, et al. 1992. Polychlorinated biphenyls indoor air contamination due to thiokol-rubber sealants in an office building. Eleventh international symposium on chlorinated dioxins... 

Jamshidi, A. Hunter, S. Hazrati, S. Harrad, S., Concentrations and chiral signatures of polychlorinated biphenyls in outdoor and indoor air and soil in a major U.K. conurbation Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 2153-2158. 

Harrad, S. Hazrati, S. Ibarra, C., Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls in indoor air and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor air and dust in Birmingham, United Kingdom Implications for human exposure Environ. Sci Technoi 2006, 40, 4633-4638. 

Du, S., Wall, S.J., et al. (2009) Passive air sampling for polychlorinated biphenyls in the Philadelphia Metropolitan Area. Environmental Science and Technology, 43(5) 1287-1292. 

Zhang, Z., Liu, L., et al (2008) Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls in concurrently sampled Chinese air and surface soil. Environmental Science and Technology, 42(17) 6514-6518. 

Vorhees, D. J., Cullen, A. C., Altshul, L. M. (1997) Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls in residential indoor air and outdoor air near a superfund site. Environ. Set TechnoL, 31 3612-3618. 

Figure 8.3 Annually averaged concentrations (error bars denote I standard deviation) at outdoor sites along a rural-urban transect across Birmingham, UK (a) XPBDEs in air (pg/m ) (b) XPBDEs In soil (pg/g) (c) XPCBs In air (pg/m ) and (d) XPCBs in soils (ng/g). Soil concentrations normalized to soil organic carbon content, ((a) and (b) Reprinted with permission from Environmental Science and Technology, Concentrations of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers In Air and Soil on a Rural-Urban Transect Across a Major UK Conurbation, by Stuart Harrad et al., 40(15), 4548-4553. Copyright (2006) American Chemical Society, (c) and (d) Reprinted by permission from Environmental Science and Technology, Concentrations and Chiral Signatures of Polychlorinated Biphenyls In Outdoor and Indoor Air and Soil In a Major UK Conurbation, by Arsalan Jamshidi et al., 41(7), 2153-2158. Copyright (2007) American Chemical Society)...

Lewis, R.G. (1993). Determination of pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in indoor air by gas chromatography. Method 24, in Environmental Carcinogens Methods for Analysis and Exposure Measurement, Vol. 12, B. Seifert, H. van de Wiel, B. Dodet and I. O Neill (Ms), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, pp. 353-376. 

Stern GA, Halstall CJ, Barrie LA, Muir DCG, Fellin P, Rosenberg B, Ya Rovinsky F, Ya Kononov E, Pastuhov B (1997). Polychlorinated biphenyls in Arctic air. 1. Temporal and spatial trends 1992-1994. Environ Sci Technol 31 3619-3628... 

D. L. Elder, J. P. Villeneuve, P. Parsi, G. R. Harvey, Polychlorinated biphenyls in sea water, sediment and over-ocean air of the Mediterranean, Activities of the International Laboratory of Marine Radioactivity, 1976 Report. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1976, pp. 136. 

Hamer T, Kyi in H, Bidleman TF, et al. 1998. Polychlorinated naphthalenes and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls in Arctic air. Environ Sci Teclmol 32 3257-3265. 

MacLeod KE. 1981. Polychlorinated biphenyls in indoor air. Environ Sci Technol 15 926-928. 

Oatman L, Roy R. 1986. Surface and indoor air levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in public buildings. Bull Environ Contain Toxicol 37 461-466. 

Method EPA TO 4, Determination of Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls In Ambient Air Using High Volume Polyurethane Foam (PUF) Sampling Followed By Gas Chromatography/Multidetector, US EPA. 

Method EPA TO 4, Determination of pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in ambient air using high volume polyurethane foam (PUF) sampling followed by Gas Chromatographic/Multidetector U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 

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