Polychlorinated biphenyls indoor

Benthe, C., Heinzow, B., Jessen, H., Mohr, S. and Rotard, W. (1992) Polychlorinated biphenyls. Indoor air contamination due to Thiokol-rubber sealants in an office building. Chemosphere, 25,1481-6. 

Sagunski, H., Rosskamp, E. and Heinrich-Hirsch, B. (1998) Polychlorierte Biphenyle in Innenraumen Versuch einer Bilanz. [Polychlorinated biphenyls indoors attempt of an assessment]. Gesundheitswesen, 60, 324-6. 

Benthe C, Heinzow B, lessen H, et al. 1992. Polychlorinated biphenyls indoor air contamination due to thiokol-rubber sealants in an office building. Eleventh international symposium on chlorinated dioxins... 

Barro, R., Regueiro, J., Uompart, M. and Garda-Jares, C. (2009) Analysis of industrial contaminants in indoor air Part 1. Volatile organic compounds, carbonyl compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls. Journal of Chromatography A, 1216, 540-66. 

Kohler, M., Zennegg, N. and Waeber, R. (2002) Coplanar Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) in Indoor Air. Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 4735 -0. 

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). The PCBs were observed in the stack effluents during the combustion of coal but these compounds were not produced in the combustion process by a de novo synthesis or from precursor compounds. The source of the PCBs was the indoor air used to support the combustion. This indoor air contained 0.11 ug/M3 of PCBs the concentration of PCBs in the stack gas was only 0.02 yg/M3 when coal containing no detectable level of PCBs was burned. For perspective, this emission level should be compared to the average ambient outdoor air level of about 0.006 yg/M3. 

Currado, G. M., Harrad, S. (1998) A comparison of polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in indoor and outdoor air and the potential significance of inhalation as a human exposure pathway. Environ. Sci. TechnoL, 32 3043-3047. 

Jamshidi, A. Hunter, S. Hazrati, S. Harrad, S., Concentrations and chiral signatures of polychlorinated biphenyls in outdoor and indoor air and soil in a major U.K. conurbation Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 2153-2158. 

Harrad, S. Hazrati, S. Ibarra, C., Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls in indoor air and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor air and dust in Birmingham, United Kingdom Implications for human exposure Environ. Sci Technoi 2006, 40, 4633-4638. 

Figure 7.1 Variation of concentrations ofXPCB in indoor air with date of building construction. (Reprinted with permission from Environmental Science and Technology, Causes of Variability In Concentrations of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Indoor Air, by Hazrati, S., Harrad, S., 40(24), 7584-7589. Copyright (2006) American Chemical Society)...

Balfanz, E., Fuchs, J., Kieper, H. (1993) Sampling and analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in indoor air due to permanently elastic sealants. Chemosphere, 26 871-880. 

Vorhees, D. J., Cullen, A. C., Altshul, L. M. (1997) Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls in residential indoor air and outdoor air near a superfund site. Environ. Set TechnoL, 31 3612-3618. 

Figure 8.3 Annually averaged concentrations (error bars denote I standard deviation) at outdoor sites along a rural-urban transect across Birmingham, UK (a) XPBDEs in air (pg/m ) (b) XPBDEs In soil (pg/g) (c) XPCBs In air (pg/m ) and (d) XPCBs in soils (ng/g). Soil concentrations normalized to soil organic carbon content, ((a) and (b) Reprinted with permission from Environmental Science and Technology, Concentrations of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers In Air and Soil on a Rural-Urban Transect Across a Major UK Conurbation, by Stuart Harrad et al., 40(15), 4548-4553. Copyright (2006) American Chemical Society, (c) and (d) Reprinted by permission from Environmental Science and Technology, Concentrations and Chiral Signatures of Polychlorinated Biphenyls In Outdoor and Indoor Air and Soil In a Major UK Conurbation, by Arsalan Jamshidi et al., 41(7), 2153-2158. Copyright (2007) American Chemical Society)...

Harrad, S., Ibarra, C., et al (2009) Polychlorinated biphenyls in indoor dust from Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom and United States implications for human exposure. Chemosphere, 76 (2) 232-238. 

Zhang, X., Robson, M., et al. (in prep) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls in the indoor environment of Toronto, Canada. 

Lewis, R.G. (1993). Determination of pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in indoor air by gas chromatography. Method 24, in Environmental Carcinogens Methods for Analysis and Exposure Measurement, Vol. 12, B. Seifert, H. van de Wiel, B. Dodet and I. O Neill (Ms), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, pp. 353-376. 

Wallace JC, Basu I, Hites RA (1996) Sampling and analysis artifacts caused by elevated indoor air polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations. Environ Sci Technol 30 2730-2734... 

Phosphoric Acid Phosphorus Photoallergens Photochemical Oxidants Phthalate Ester Plasticizers Physical Hazards Picloram Picric Acid Piperazine Piperonyl Butoxide "Plants, Poisonous" Platinum (Pt) Plutonium (Pu) Poinsettia Poisoning Emergencies in Humans Pokeweed Pollutant Release and Transfer Registries (PRTRs) Pollution Prevention Act "Pollution, Air" "Pollution, Air Indoor" "Pollution, Soil" "Pollution, Water" Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs) Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)... 

MacLeod KE. 1981. Polychlorinated biphenyls in indoor air. Environ Sci Technol 15 926-928. 

Oatman L, Roy R. 1986. Surface and indoor air levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in public buildings. Bull Environ Contain Toxicol 37 461-466. 

The superiority of microwave extraction compared to traditional extraction methods for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyl compounds in indoor air samples was also shown. Again a decrease in the extraction time was highlighted the microwave procedure needed only 10 min and, followed by GC-electron capture detection, was claimed as a valuable alternative to the Soxhlet method for the extraction of six noncoplanar PCBs associated with fly ashes. 

Ramil Criado, M., Rodriguez Pereiro, I., and Cela Torrijos, R., Determination of polychlorinated biphenyl compounds in indoor air samples, J. Chromatogr. A., 963, 65-71, 2002. 

American Society for Testing and Materials (1989) Standard practice for sampling and analysis of pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in indoor atmospheres ASTM-Designation D 4861-88 (1989), 388-401. 

Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are now ubiquitous in the environment. Their occurrence in indoor air mainly results from the frequent use of chemical products such as paints, glue, sealants, fire retardants and wood protection agents up to the mid-1980s. Furthermore, PCDDs/PCDFs and PAHs are always formed to some extent during incomplete combustion processes. A list of possible sources is given in Table 1.4-1. 

VDI 2464, Part 1 (1992) Indoor air pollution measurement. Measurement of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In preparation. 

VDI 4300, Part 2 (1997) Indoor air pollution measurement. Measurement strategy for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in indoor air. Beuth, Berlin. 

Liquid immersed types use various forms of oil and special synthetic liquids. The chlorinated liquids, e.g. polychlorinated-biphenyl, have been banned in most countries because they are very strong pollutants and are almost impossible to destroy, except by intensive burning in a special furnace. Modern liquids are synthetic compounds typically silicone based, and are usually specified to be flame retardant. 1EC60296, 60836, and 60944 describe suitable liquids. These transformers are the type normally used in oil and gas plants. Resin insulated transformers are very suitable for indoor locations and off-shore plants because they contain no flammable liquid, produce no spillage and require minimal maintenance. They are usually more expensive than conventional liquid immersed transformers. 

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs 13) as well as DDT (14) and related compounds have been detected in air and atmospheric particle samples (Harvey and Steinhauer, 1974 Bidleman and Olney, 1974). Indoor air may contain rather high levels of... 

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