Polychlorinated biphenyls determining

Jimenez, O. Jimenez, B. Gonzalez, M.J., Isomer-specihc polychlorinated biphenyl determination in cetaceans from the Mediterranean Sea Enantioselective occurrence of chiral polychlorinated biphenyl congeners Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2000, 19, 2653-2660. 

Lilienthal H, Winneke G. 1991. Sensitive periods for behavioral toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls Determination by cross-fostering in rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol 17 368-375. 

Solvent extraction followed by gas chromatographic analysis is used to determine paraffin wax antioxidants (qv), ie, butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene and other volatile materials. Trace amounts of chlorinated organic compounds, eg, polychlorinated biphenyls, can be deterrnined by using a gas chromatograph with an electron-capture detector (22). 

SW-846, is used to measure emissions of semivolatile principal organic constituents. Method 0010 is designed to determine destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) of POHCs from incineration systems. The method involves a modification of the EPA Method 5 sampling train and may be used to determine particulate emission rates from stationary sources. The method is applied to semivolatile compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans, polycyclic organic matter, and other semivolatile organic compounds. 

In general, capillary gas chromatography provides enough resolution for most determinations in environmental analysis. Multidimensional gas chromatography has been applied to environmental analysis mainly to solve separation problems for complex groups of compounds. Important applications of GC-GC can therefore be found in the analysis of organic micropollutants, where compounds such as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) (10), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) (10) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (11-15), on account of their similar properties, present serious separation problems. MDGC has also been used to analyse other pollutants in environmental samples (10, 16, 17). 

Janak K, G Becker, A Colmsjo, C Ostman, M Athanasiadou, K Valters, A Bergman (1998) Methyl sulfonyl polychlorinated biphenyls and 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-l,l-dichloroethene in gray seal tissues determinated by gas chromatography with electron capture detection and atomic emission detection. Environ Toxicol Chem 17 1046-1055. 

Mondello FJ, MP Turcich, JH Lobos, BD Erickson (1997) Identification and modification of biphenyl dioxygenase sequences that determine the specificity of polychlorinated biphenyl degradation. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 3096-3103. 

Seah SYK, G Labbe, S Nerdinger, M Johnson, V Snieckus, LD Eltis (2000) Identification of a serine hydrolase as a key determinant in the microbial degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls. J Biol Chem 275 15701-15708. 

Valnes of have been measnred for a number of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and applied to a nnmber of commercial PCB mixtures. Both the number and the position of the chlorine snbstitnents affected the depletion of C, and this reflected the mannfacturing procednres that involved kinetic isotope effects as well as the source of the biphenyl starting material (Jarman et al. 1998). It was snggested that this could be applied to determine the source of PCBs in the environment. 

CRMs for Contaminants in Environmental Matrices For nearly two decades NIST has been involved in the development of SRMs for the determination of organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and chlorinated pesticides in natural environmental matrices such as fossil fuels (Hertz et al.1980 Kline et al. 1985), air and diesel particulate material (May and Wise 1984 Wise et al. 2000), coal tar (Wise et al. 1988a), sediment (Schantz et al. 1990, 1995a Wise et al. 1995), mussel tissue (Wise et al. 1991 Schantz et al. 1997a), fish oil, and whale blubber (Schantz et al. 1995b). Several papers have reviewed and summarized the development of these environmental matrix SRMs (Wise et al. 1988b Wise 1993 Wise and Schantz 1997 Wise et al. 2000). Seventeen natural matrix SRMs for the determination of organic contaminants are currently available from NIST with certified and reference concentrations primarily for PAHs, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofiirans (PCDFs) see Table 3.11. 

European Norm (EN) 1528, Fatty Food - Determination of Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). European Committee for Standardization Beuth Verlag, Berlin (1997). 

Fatty food - Determination of pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) - Part 1 General considerations Part 2 Extraction of fat, pesticides and PCBs and determination of fat content... 

Aparicio I, Santos JL, Alonso E (2007) Simultaneous sonication-assisted extraction, and determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, nonylphenol, nonylphenol ethoxylates and polychlorinated biphenyls in sludge from waste-water treatment plants. Anal Chim Acta 584 455 161... 

Rapaport, R. A., Eisenreich, S. J. (1984) Chromatographic determination of octanol-water partition coefficients (K, )W s) for 58 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18, 163-170. 

Westcott, J. W., Bidleman, T. F. (1982) Determination of polychlorinated biphenyl vapor pressures by capillary gas chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 210, 331-336. 

Colenut and Thorburn [51,52] have also described the procedure using gas stripping of the aqueous sample followed by adsorption onto active carbon from which surface they are taken up in an organic solvent for gas chromatographic analysis. They optimized conditions for the determination of parts per billion of pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls. 

Alford-Stevens, A.L., T.A. Bellar, J.W. Eichelberger, and W.L. Budde. 1986. Characterization of commercial Aroclors by automated mass spectrometric determination of polychlorinated biphenyls by level of chlorination. Anal. Chem. 58 2014-2022. 

Duinker, J.C., D.E. Schulz, and G. Petrik. 1988b. Multidimensional gas chromatography with electron capture detection for the determination of toxic congeners in polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures. Anal. Chem. 60 478-482. 

Dunnivant, F.M. and A.W. Elzerman. 1988. Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments, using sonication extraction and capillary column gas chromatography-electron capture detection with internal standard calibration. Jour. Assoc. Offic. Anal. Chem. 71 551-556. 

Jones, K.C. 1988. Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in human foodstuffs and tissues suggestions for a selective congener analytical approach. Sci. Total Environ. 68 141-159. 

Kuehl, D.W., B.C. Butterworth, J. Libal, and P. Marquis. 1991. An isotope dilution high resolution gas chromatographic-high resolution mass spectrometric method for the determination of coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls application to fish and marine mammals. Chemosphere 22 849-858. 

Matta, M.B., C. Caimcross, and R.M. Kocan. 1998. Possible effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on sex determination in rainbow trout. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 26-29. 

Schwartz, T.R., D.E. Tillitt, K.R Feltz, and RH. Peterman. 1993. Determination of mono- and non-0,0 -chlorine substituted polychlorinated biphenyls in Aroclors and environmental samples. Chemosphere 26 1443-1460. 

Smith, L.S., T.R. Schwartz, K. Felz, and T.J. Kubiak. 1990. Determination and occurrence of AHH-active polychlorinated biphenyls, 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-/>-dioxin and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran in Lake Michigan sediment and biota. The question of their relative toxicological significance. Chemosphere 21 1063-1085. 

Storr-Hansen, E. and T. Cederberg. 1992. Determination of coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl (CB) congeners in seal tissues by chromatography on active carbon, dual-column high resolution GC/ECD and high resolution GC/high resolution MS. Chemosphere 24 1181-1196. 

Solbakken, J.E., K. Ingebrigtsen, and K.H. Palmork. 1984. Comparative study on the fate of the polychlorinated biphenyl 2,4,5,2,4,5,-hexachlorobiphenyl and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phenanthrene in flounder (Platichthys flesus), determined by liquid scintillation counting and autoradiography. Mar. Biol. 83 239-246. 

Alford Stevens et al. [49] carried out a multi-laboratory study of automated gas chromatography-mass spectrometric determinations of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil. The influence of various factors on the accuracy of analytical results were studied. Shaker extraction for 12.5h followed by Florisil chromatography were demonstrated to be the most reliable methods for extraction and clean-up. 

Johnson and Van Emon [57] have described a quantitative enzyme based immunoassay procedure for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in soils and sediments and compared the results with those obtained by a gas chromatographic method. The soil is extracted with methanol, or Soxhlet extracted or extracted with a supercritical fluid. In the case of the latter two extractants good agreement was obtained between immunoassay and gas chromatographic methods. Spiking recoveries from soil achieved ranged from 104% (Aroclor 1248) to 107% (Aroclor 1242). Detection limits were 9pg kg-1 (Aroclor 1245) and 10.5pg kg-1 (Aroclor 1242). Chlorinated anisoles, benzenes or phenols did not interfere. 

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