Polyamide Nylon and Polyester Resins

These compounds are the next step up in strength and general service in hot-melt adhesives. These so-called high-performance hot melts are used to assemble products made from glass, hardboard, wood, fabric, foam, leather, hard rubber, and some metals. Service temperatures range from —40 °C to about 82 °C. A number of formulations are available that can be used at 93 °C. Some are capable of being used in nonload-bearing applications at 

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Ethylene-vinyl acetate and polyolefin resins Polyamide (nylon) and polyester resins Other not melts Polyester-amides Thermoplastic elastomers... 

HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HNS NTO NTO/HMX NTO/HMX NTO/HMX PETN PETN PETN PETN PETN PETN PETN PETN PETN PETN RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX TATB/HMX Cariflex (thermoplastic elastomer) Hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene (polyurethane) Hydroxy-terminated polyester Kraton (block copolymer of styrene and ethylene-butylene) Nylon (polyamide) Polyester resin-styrene Polyethylene Polyurethane Poly(vinyl) alcohol Poly(vinyl) butyral resin Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) Viton (fluoroelastomer) Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) Cariflex (block copolymer of butadiene-styrene) Cariflex (block copolymer of butadiene-styrene) Estane (polyester polyurethane copolymer) Hytemp (thermoplastic elastomer) Butyl rubber with acetyl tributylcitrate Epoxy resin-diethylenetriamine Kraton (block copolymer of styrene and ethylene-butylene) Latex with bis-(2-ethylhexyl adipate) Nylon (polyamide) Polyester and styrene copolymer Poly(ethyl acrylate) with dibutyl phthalate Silicone rubber Viton (fluoroelastomer) Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) Epoxy ether Exon (polychlorotrifluoroethylene/vinylidine chloride) Hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene (polyurethane) Kel-F (polychlorotrifluoroethylene) Nylon (polyamide) Nylon and aluminium Nitro-fluoroalkyl epoxides Polyacrylate and paraffin Polyamide resin Polyisobutylene/Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) Polyester Polystyrene Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) Kraton (block copolymer of styrene and ethylene-butylene)... 

Although most of this product (about 60%) is used in the manufacture of polyamide 6,6, which is formed by a reaction with hexamethylenediamine, the growth in the use of adipic acid during the last 20 years is also attributable to the expansion of polyurethane and polyester resins. After nylon, these product sectors, together with PVC plasticizers and synthetic lubricants, consume most of the extra-nylon adipic acid produced today. 

Though less prevalent than addition polymerization, condensation polymerization produces important polymers such as polyesters, polyamides (nylons), polycarbonates, polyurethanes, and phenol-formaldehyde resins (Chapter 12). 

Adipic acid [124-04-9] - [ALKYD RESINS] (Vol 2) - [DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS] (Vol 8) - [FOOD ADDITIVES] (Vol 11) - (ELECTROCHEMICALPROCESSDTG - ORGANIC] (Vol 9) -barrier polymers from [BARRIERPOLYMERS] (Vol 3) -from cyclohexane [HYDROCARBONS - C1-C6] (Vol 13) -from cyclohexane [HYDROCARBON OXIDATION] (Vol 13) -from cyclohexanol [CYCLOHEXANOL AND CYCLOHEXANONE] (Vol 7) -as food additive [FOOD ADDITIVES] (Vol 11) -nylon from [POLYAMIDES - FIBERS] (Vol 19) -nylon-6,6 from [POLYAMIDES - GENERAL] (Vol 19) -nylon-6,6 from [POLYAMIDES - PLASTICS] (Vol 19) -m polyester production [COMPOSITE MATERIALS - POLYMER-MATRIX - THERMOSETS] (Vol 7) -m polyester resins [POLYESTERS, UNSATURATED] (Vol 19) -soda preservatives [CARBONATED BEVERAGES] (Vol 5)... 

The first truly synthetic resin was developed by Baekeland in 1911 (phenol-formaldehyde). This was soon followed by a petroleum-derived product called coumarone-indene, which did indeed have the properties of a resin. The first synthetic elastomer was polychloroprene (1931) originated by Nieuwland and later called neoprene. Since then many new types of synthetic polymers have been synthesized, perhaps the most sophisticated of which are nylon and its congeners (polyamides, by Carothers), and the inorganic silicone group (Kipping). Other important types are alkyds, acrylics, aminoplasts, polyvinyl halides, polyester, epoxies, and polyolefins. 

After 1950, the rapid growth of petroleum and methane based production of plastics and synthetic fibres became the most prominent feature of the Italian chemical industry/ Montedison, created in 1966 through a merger between the electrical company Edison and Montecatini, in that year produced between 50 and 100 per cent of Italy s aromatics, polyethylene, polypropylene, acrylic fibres, PVC and polyesters." Such a remarkable performance may appear surprising, considering that up to 1950 Montecatini s experience in polymerization had been mainly confined to the more traditional phenol plastics (Bakelite, etc.) and urea-formaldehyde resins (Caurit, etc.). The production of polyvinyl resins and the polyamide fibre nylon had been experimental rather than continuous." The most advanced polymerization procedures... 

In terms of polymer matrices for composite materials, there will be a compromise between solvent and water resistance. Thus non-polar resins are likely to be less resistant to hydrocarbon solvents, which have low polarity, but more resistant to moisture absorption. Polar resins behave in the opposite way. Strongly polar solvents, such as dimethyl sulphoxide or similar, can interact with polar structures in the resin and are difficult to resist. Crystalline thermoplastic polymers are often better for such applications. For example, polyethene will only dissolve in hydrocarbon solvents (of similar solubility parameter) at temperatures above the crystalline melting point. Polar semi-crystalline polymers such as the polyamides or nylons can be dissolved in highly polar solvents, such as cresol, because of a stronger interaction than that between molecules within the crystallites. High performance thermoplastic polymers such as polyether ether ketone (PEEK) have been promoted for their resistance to organic solvents (see Table 3.5) [12], The chemical resistance of unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester and urethane resins is indicated in Table 3.6 [15]. 

Electrospinning is applicable to a wide range of polymers like those used in conventional spinning, that is, polyolefine, polyamides, polyester, aramide, and acrylic, as well as biopolymers like proteins, DNA, and polypeptides, or others like electrically conducting, photonic and other polymers such as poly(ethylene oxide] (PEO], DNA, poly(acrylic acid] (PAA], polyQactic acid] (PEA], and also collagen, organics such as nylon, polyester, and acryl resin, and poly(vinyl alcohol] (PVA], polystyrene (PS], polyacrylonitrile (PAN], peptide, cellulose, etc. 

A typical processing aminimide rubber-fibre adhesive formulation recommended for predipping polyester, nylon, and other polyamides is given in Table 8.5. The dip is prepared by dissolving the aminimide and surfactant in water with moderate stirring. The epoxy resin is then added... 

Condensation polymers are formed by the reaction of bifunctional or poly functional molecules, with the elimination of some small molecule (such as water, ammonia, or hydrogen chloride) as a by-product. Familiar examples of synthetic condensation polymers include polyesters (Dacron, Mylar), polyamides (nylon), polyurethanes, and epoxy resin. Natural condensation polymers include polyamino acids (protein), cellulose, and starch. The process can be represented as follows ... 

Resins with long-chain macromolecules obtained by polycondensation have thermoplastic properties. Polyesters ( Terylene ) and polyamides (Nylon) are examples of polycondensations. The synthetic fibre Terylene (known as Dacron in the USA) is a polyester formed by the reaction of ethylene glycol with terephthalic acid the latter is obtained from p-xylene by oxidation ... 

The acid is used to modify - alkyd resins and to produce - polyamides (nylon 6/9) and polyesters (- polymers from fats and oils). The esters are used in - lubricants, - hydraulic fluids and plasticizers (- plastics additives)... 

The thermoplastic or thermoset nature of the resin in the colorant—resin matrix is also important. For thermoplastics, the polymerisation reaction is completed, the materials are processed at or close to their melting points, and scrap may be reground and remolded, eg, polyethylene, propjiene, poly(vinyl chloride), acetal resins (qv), acryhcs, ABS, nylons, ceUulosics, and polystyrene (see Olefin polymers Vinyl polymers Acrylic ester polymers Polyamides Cellulose ESTERS Styrene polymers). In the case of thermoset resins, the chemical reaction is only partially complete when the colorants are added and is concluded when the resin is molded. The result is a nonmeltable cross-linked resin that caimot be reworked, eg, epoxy resins (qv), urea—formaldehyde, melamine—formaldehyde, phenoHcs, and thermoset polyesters (qv) (see Amino resins and plastics Phenolic resins). 

PBT will absorb very little water (0.08 %), and its mechanical properties are not affected in the short term. Polyamides, on the other hand, may absorb up to 12% of water. In nylon resins, the water acts as a plasticizer it lowers the Tg, decreases the flexural modulus, and may cause part growth. Based on these criteria alone, polyesters are often a better choice than nylons for many applications (less variation of properties). 

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