Poly supercapacitor

Electrostatic interactions have recently been exploited for the synthesis of gra-phene-CNT hybrids. For example, poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) coated graphene has been mixed with acid treated CNTs in a layer-by-layer method to form high surface area electrodes for supercapacitors [90]. Furthermore, Lu et al. prepared a supercapacitor electrode by mixing PDDA coated CNT-Mn02 hybrid with RGO [91]. 

Rudge et al. believe that polythiophene and its derivatives are suitable materials for type HI supercapacitors. Especially, the electrochemically prepared poly-... 

Figure 9 shows the discharge curves of a Type I polypyrrole-based, a Type II polypyrrole/poly(3-methylthiophene)-based and a Type III poly(dithieno[3,4-6 3, 4 -d]thiophene-based supercapacitor at 4 mA cm discharge current. Types I and II can be assembled using such conventional heterocyclic polymers as polypyrrole, polyaniline and polythiophene, which are efficiently p-dopable polymers and can easily be chemically or electrochemically synthesized from inexpensive... 

Figure 9. Discharge curves at 4 mA cm of the three types of supercapacitors a) polypyrrole/LiC104 -propylene carbonate (PC)/polypyrrole b) polypyrrole/ LiC104-PC/poly(3-methylthiophene) c) poly(dithieno[3,4-6 3, 4 -rf ]thiophene)/ (C2Hs)4NBF4-PC/poly(dithieno[3,4-b . i, A -d]thiophene), potentiostatically charged at 1.1 V, 1.15 V, and 3.0 V, respectively.

Figure 10. Symmetric supercapacitor with composite poly(3-methylthiophene)-carbon-binder electrodes, a) Delivered charge ( ) and coulombic efficiency (o) of galvanostatic cycles (from 2000th to 5000th) at 5 mA cm between 0 and 3.1 V b) potential profiles of supercapacitor (solid line), and of positive (broken line) and negative (dotted line) electrodes during the 2000th galvanostatic cycle.

Electronically conducting polymers (ECPs) such as polyaniline (PANI), pol3T5yrrole (PPy) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxjdhiophene) (PEDOT) have been applied in supercapacitors, due to their excellent electrochemical properties and lower cost than other ECPs. We demonstrated that multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) prepared by cataljdic decomposition of acetylene in a solid solution are very effective conductivity additives in composite materials based on ECPs. In this paper, we show that a successful application of ECPs in supercapacitor technologies could be possible only in an asymmetric configuration, i.e. with electrodes of different nature. 

M. Baibarac, P. Gomez Romero, M. Lira Cantu, N. Casan Pastor, N. Mestres, and S. Lefrant, Electrosynthesis of the poly(V-vinyl carbazole)/carbon nanotubes composite for applications in the supercapacitors field, Eur. Polym. J., 42, 2302-2312 (2006). 

Murugan et al. reported on the intercalation of electrically conductive poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) into crystalline V2O5. PEDOT is a stable, environmentally friendly polymer with potential applications in supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries. PEDOT was encapsulated into V2O5 by treatment of the latter with the monomer (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene). The reaction is essentially an in situ... 

Fei, H.J.,Yang, C.Y, Bao, H., Wang, G.C., 2014. Flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors based on graphene/ carbon black nanoparticle film electrodes and cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol)-Fl2S04 porous gel electrolytes. J. Power Sources 266, 488 95. 

Structural formulas of some PT derivatives are shown in Figure 28.3. PT can be both n-doped and p-doped. As follows from Table 28.3, anodic capacitance (under p-doping) of PT derivatives is higher than its cathodic capacitance (under n-doping). Therefore, the cathode in PsCs of type III must be thicker than the anode. It was found that conductivity in the n-doped form is lower than in the p-doped form conductivity in the n-doped form is rather low. Most of PT derivatives are stable in air and in a moist state both in the p-doped and undoped forms. Symmetrical type HI supercapacitors with PT derivatives on both electrodes were manufactured. Herewith, the energy density of 30-40 Wh/kg and power density of 5-10 kW/kg per mass of active materials was reached. Table 28.3 shows the characteristics of PsCs based on poly-3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)thiophene (PDFPT) and poly-3-(4-cyanophenyl)thiophene (PCPT). One can see that rather high energy density values were obtained in this case (Table 28.5). 

Fonseca, C. R, J. E. Benedetti, and S. Neves. 2006. Poly(3-methyl thiophene)/PVDF composite as an electrode for supercapacitors. Journal of Power Sources 158 789-794. 

Sivaraman, R, A. R. Bhattacharrya, S. P. Mishra, A. P. Thakur, K. Shashidhara, and A. B. Samui. 2013. Asymmetric supercapacitor containing poly(3-methyl thiophene)-multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposites and activated carbon. Electrochimica Acta 94 182-191. 

Kim, T. Y., H. W. Lee, M. Stoller et al. 2011. High-performance supercapacitors based on poly(ionic liquid)-modified graphene electrodes. ACS Nano 5 436—442. 

Balducci, A., W. A. Henderson, M. Mastragostino, S. Passerini, P. Simon, and F. Soavi. 2005. Cycling stability of a hybrid activated carbon//poly(3-methylthiophene) supercapacitor with V-butyl-V-methylpyrrolidinium hisftrifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide ionic liquid as electrolyte. Electrochimica Acta 50 2233-2237. 

Sudhakar, Y. N., M. Selvakumar, and D. K. Bhat. 2013. LiC104-doped plasticized chitosan and poly(ethylene glycol) blend as biodegradable polymer electrolyte for supercapacitors. Ionics 19 277-285. 

Sivaraman, P, A. Thakur, R. K. Kushwaha, D. Ratna, and A. B. Samui. 2006. Poly(3-methyl thiophene)-activated carbon hybrid supercapacitor based on gel polymer electrolyte. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 9 A435-A438. 

Wee, B. H., and J. D. Hong. 2014. Multilayered poly(p-phenylenevinylene)/reduced graphene oxide film An efficient organic current collector in an all-plastic supercapacitor. Langmuir 30 5267-5275. 

Pandey, G. P., A. C. Rastogi, and C. R. Westgate. 2014. All-solid-state supercapacitors with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-coated carbon fiber paper electrodes and ionic liquid gel polymer electrolyte. Journal of Power Sources 245 857-865. 

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