Environmentally-friendly polymer

Because of the low Tg, PTT fibers and fabrics are dispersed dyed at atmospheric boil without the need of a carrier [95-99], PTT is therefore a more environmentally friendly polymer than PET in this regard, although the later is now dyed under pressure at 130 °C to avoid using carrier. Yang et al. [99] compared the dye uptakes of PTT and PET fibers by measuring their Kulbelka-Munk (K/S)... 

Park, H.W., Lee, W. K.,Park, C. Y.,Cho, W. J., Ha, C. S. (2003). Environmentally friendly polymer hybrids Parti. Meehanical, thermal, and barrier properties of thermoplastie stareh/elay nanocomposites. Journal of Materials Science, 38, 909-915. 

PLLA has been widely used in biomedical applications. Further, it is believed to be an alternative to traditional commodity plastics for everyday applications since it is an environmental friendly polymer. However, its toughness and heat distortion temperature are not very satisfactory for these applications. 

Cropping renewables explicitly for polymer production is environmentally disadvantageous. The use of crops as feedstock can only be advantageous if the crops by-products are used for producing polymers. Biotechnological production routes can potentially result in more environmentally friendly polymers. The assessment of renewable resources for use in polymers and other products has to be carried out in a case-specific manner [11]. 

PAR 03] Park H.M., Lee W.K., Park C.Y., et al, Environmentally friendly polymer hybrids Part 1 mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of thermoplastic starch/clay... 

Murugan et al. reported on the intercalation of electrically conductive poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) into crystalline V2O5. PEDOT is a stable, environmentally friendly polymer with potential applications in supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries. PEDOT was encapsulated into V2O5 by treatment of the latter with the monomer (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene). The reaction is essentially an in situ... 

Environmentally friendly polymer nanocomposites Types, processing and properties... 

Cazacu, G., Pascu, M.C., Profire, L., Vasile, C. Environmental friendly polymer materials. I. Polyolefins-lignin based materials. Environ. Prot. Ecol. 3(1), 242-248 (2002)... 

Abstract This chapter defines Environmentally Friendly Polymer Engineering as the basic organizational system of the first volume of these two books. The classification of plastics, and a list of their main characteristics, follows. This chapter closes with some economic data. 

Due to environmental concerns, there has been growing interest in the development of environmental-friendly polymer hosts made from natural sources such as com starch [895,896] and chitosan [734,897] or biodegradable materials such as poly(epsilon-caprolactone) [898] for solid-state electrolytes of ESs. Since the mechanical strength of natural polymers such as starch film was generally low, several studies reported the use of blended materials made from chitosan and starch [897] or chitosan and PEG [734]. 

We hope that the publication of this book, which will surely become a standard reference in the field, will spur the interest in further exploring the potential of supercritical carbon dioxide appHcations in polymer technology both in terms of fundamental understanding of the relevant physico[Pg.346]

Vegetable oil-based polymers are one of the most useful polymeric materials in the context of advanced polymers in modern society. They are versatile because of their structural diversity and their ease of modification. Sectors such as agriculture, automotives, biomedical and packaging all require environmentally friendly polymers. In the civilised world of today, materials need to follow the principles of green chemistry with a triple bottom line approach in order to keep the environment clean and useful for future generations. This book therefore aims to blend the basic ideas along with advanced understanding of this important class of polymers. 

Environmentally-Friendly Polymer Blends from Renewable Resources... 

Conclusion - Future perspectives of environmental friendly polymer materials... 

Ray, S.S. Thermal stability and flammability of environmentally friendly polymer nanocomposites using biodegradable polymer matrices and clay/carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforcements. Environmentally Friendly Polymer Nanocomposites, pp. 295-327. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge (2013)... 

Biopolymers are biodegradable and environmentally friendly polymers. They can be classified into four types, i.e. sugar, starch, cellulose, and synthetic biomaterials. The blending of natural rubber with biopolymers has been attractive and has created considerable interest in industry and academically for developing biodegradable materials of polymer blends at a reasonable cost and with appropriately combined properties of both the natural rubber and the other biopolymers. In addition, biopolymers possess generally useful properties... 

Soy protein-based plastics are another group of biodegradable, environmentally friendly, polymer materials from an abundantly renewable resource [29-31]. There are several types of soybean products that can potentially be utihzed for engineering structural applications [29],... 

Raman Narzan and Anne Christine Albertsson, who promote the ideas for and share the passion about environmental friendly polymers. My sincere thanks also go to nty editor Derek for his outstanding patience. 

Starch nanocrystals has been used in different environmental-friendly polymers such as waterborne polyurethane (Chen et al. 2008) (also called organic solvent free polyurethane), starch (waxy maize, AngeUier et al. 2006 Viguie et al. 2007 Garcia et al. 2009a), pullulan (Kristo et al. 2007) (obtained by starch fermentation), PLA (Yu et al. 2008), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (Chen et al. 2008), and soy protein isolate (Zhen et al. 2009), but we will focus on its use on starch matrices. 

Ideally, producing environmentally friendly polymers directly in plants would be the most energy efficient process (one-step process) (Figure 7.6), provided that suitable technologies are available for the extraction and downstream purification processes of the polymers from plant materials. At present however, plant derivatives such as sugars and oils are the most popular carbon sources for the production of PHA by microbial fermentation. 

These days, the focus is on developing environmentally friendly polymers. These polymers are naturally degradable when disposed in the environment. The carbon footprint of production of these polymers is monitored to ensure sustainable environmental protection. 

In the modern polymer industry, the various existing types of polymer flame retardants based on halogens (Cl, Br), heavy and transition metals (Zn, V, Pb, Sb) or phosphorus-organic compounds reduce the risk from pol3nner combustion and p5n olysis, but may present ecological issues. The overall use of halogenated flame retardants is still showing an upward trend, but the above concerns have started a search for more environmentally friendly polymer additives. As a result it is quite possible that the future available flame retardants will be more limited than in the past. 

Conventional polymers can be replaced by biopolymers if the required properties are comparable for a given application. In this section, we will compare some of the critical properties of environmental friendly polymers with various conventionally used fossil based polymers. 

---