Asymmetric supercapacitor

Table 1. Electrochemical characteristics of some asymmetric supercapacitors. U is the maximum available cell voltage. Cs is the specific capacitance of a pellet electrode calculated from Cs = Ct 4/M, where Q is the capacitance of the asymmetric supercapacitor, M is the total mass of both electrodes.

Table 8.5 summarizes the electrochemical performance of different types of symmetric and asymmetric supercapacitors in aqueous medium, including the maximum cell voltage (Vmax), the... 

Khomenko V, Raymundo-Pinero E, Beguin F, Frackowiak E. High-voltage asymmetric supercapacitors operating in aqueous electrolyte. Applied Physics 2006 A82 567-573. 

Taking into account the underestimated advantages to operate in aqueous electrolyte, it seems also important to look for other applications of carbon materials where the unique combination of electrical conductivity, surface functionality and porous texture may be useful. Such applications as electrochemical hydrogen storage [116, 117], asymmetric supercapacitors [118] open future perspectives where aU the information previously collected on other systems will be useful. 

Fan, Z. et al.. Asymmetric supercapacitors based on graphene/MnOj and activated carbon nanofiber electrodes with high power and energy density. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2011,27(72 , 2366-2375. 

Guo, CX.,Yilmaz, G., Chen, S., Chen, S., Lu, X., 2015. Hierarchical nanocomposite composed of layered V205/PED0T/Mn02 nanosheets for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors. Nano Energy... 

Zhou, C., Zhang, Y, Li, Y, Liu, J., 2013. Construction of high-capacitance 3D CoO polypyrrole nanowire array electrode for aqueous asymmetric supercapacitor. Nano Lett. 13, 2078-2085. 

Electrodes of various types are used in hybrid (asymmetric) supercapacitors (HSCs). For example, one of the electrodes is highly dispersed carbon, that is, a double-layer electrode, and the other electrode is a battery one or one of the electrodes is carbon and the other one is a pseudocapacitor, for example, based on electron-conducting polymer (ECP). The main advantage of HSCs as compared EDLCs is an increase in energy density because of the wider potential window. The main fault of HSCs, meanwhile, as compared to electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), is a decrease in cyclability following the limitations posed by the nondouble-layer electrode. 

Suppes, G. M., C. G. Cameron, andM. S.Freund. 2010. Apolypyrrole/phosphomolybdic acidipoly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/phosphotungstic acid asymmetric supercapacitor. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 157 A1030-A1034. 

Shen, J., C. Yang, X. Li, and G. Wang. 2013. High-performance asymmetric supercapacitor based on nanoarchitectured polyaniline/graphene/carbon nanotube and activated graphene electrodes. ACS Applied Materials Interfaces 5 8467-8476. 

Wang, ff. L., Y. Y. Liang, T. Mirfakhrai, Z. Chen, H. S. Casalongue, and H. J. Dai. 2011. Advanced asymmetrical supercapacitors based on graphene hybrid materials. Nano Research 4 729-736. 

Wang, Y. G., Z. D. Wang, and Y. Y. Xia. 2005. An asymmetric supercapacitor using RuOj/TiOj nanotube composite and activated carbon electrodes. Electrochimica Acta 50 5641-5646. 

Huang, J. C., P. P. Xu, D. X. Cao et al. 2014. Asymmetric supercapacitors based on 3-Ni(OH)2 nanosheets and activated carbon with high energy density. Journal of Power Sources 246 371-376. 

Kong, L. B., M. Liu, J. W. Lang, Y. C. Luo, and L. Kang. 2009. Asymmetric supercapacitor based on loose-packed cobalt hydroxide nanoflake materials and activated carbon. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 156 A1000-A1004. 

Xie, L. J., J. F. Wu, C. M. Chen et al. 2013. A novel asymmetric supercapacitor with an activated carbon cathode and a reduced graphene oxide-cobalt oxide nanocomposite anode. Journal of Power Sources 242 148-156. 

Zhang, C., L. Xie, W. Song, J. Wang, G. Sun, and K. Li. 2013. Electrochemical performance of asymmetric supercapacitor based on C03O4/AC materials. Journal of Electro analytical Chemistry 706 1-6. 

Vidyadharan, B., R. Abd Aziz, I. I. Misnon, II et al. 2014. High energy and power density asymmetric supercapacitors using electrospun cobalt oxide nanowire anode. Journal of Power Sources 270 526-535. 

Dai, C. S., P. Y. Chien, J. Y. Lin et al. 2013. Hierarchically structnred NijS2/carbon nanotube composites as high performance cathode materials for asymmetric supercapacitors. ACS Applied Materials Interfaces 5 12168-12174. 

Qu, Q., P. Zhang, B. Wang et al. 2009. Electrochemical performance of MnOj nanorods in neutral aqueous electrolytes as a cathode for asymmetric supercapacitors. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 113 14020-14027. 

Ng, K. C., S. Zhang, and G. Z. Chen. 2008. An asymmetrical supercapacitor based on CNTs/Sn02 and CNTs/Mn02 nanocomposites working at 1.7 V in aqueous electrolyte. 

Mak, W. F., G. Wee, V. Aravindan, N. Gupta, S. G. Mhaisalkar, and S. Madhavi. 2012. High-energy density asymmetric supercapacitor based on electrospun vanadium pentoxide and polyaniline nanofibers in aqueous electrolyte. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 159 A1481-A1488. 

Xia, H., and C. Huo. 2011. Electrochemical properties of MnOj/CNT nanocomposite in neutral aqueous electrolyte as cathode material for asymmetric supercapacitors. International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials 2 283-291. 

Calvo, E. G., F. Lufrano, A. Arenillas, A. Brigandi, J. A. Menendez, and P. Staiti. 2014. Effect of unequal load of carbon xerogel in electrodes on the electrochemical performance of asymmetric supercapacitors. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 44 481-489. 

Chou, T. C., R. A. Doong, C. C. Hu, B. S. Zhang, and D. S. Su. 2014. Hierarchically porous carbon with manganese oxides as highly efficient electrode for asymmetric supercapacitors. ChemSusChem 7 841-847. 

Huang, M., Y. X. Zhang, F. Li et al. 2014. Merging of KirkendaU growth and Ostwald ripening Cu0 Mn02 core-shell architectures for asymmetric supercapacitors. Scientific Reports 4 4518. 

Wang, C. H., H. C. Hsu, and J. H. Hu. 2014. High-energy asymmetric supercapacitor based on petal-shaped Mn02 nanosheet and carbon nanotube-embedded polyacrylonitrile-based carbon nanofiber working at 2 V in aqueous neutral electrolyte. Journal of Power Sources 249 1-8. 

Zhang, B. H., Y. Liu, Z. Chang et al. 2014. Nanowire Nao35Mn02 from a hydrothermal method as a cathode material for aqueous asymmetric supercapacitors. Journal of Power Sources 253 98-103. 

Xiao, Y. H., Y. B. Cao, Y. Y. Gong et al. 2014. Electrolyte and composition effects on the performances of asymmetric supercapacitors constructed with Mu304 nanoparticles-graphene nanocomposites. Journal of Power Souwes 246 926-933. 

Sivaraman, R, A. R. Bhattacharrya, S. P. Mishra, A. P. Thakur, K. Shashidhara, and A. B. Samui. 2013. Asymmetric supercapacitor containing poly(3-methyl thiophene)-multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposites and activated carbon. Electrochimica Acta 94 182-191. 

Zhang, X., D. Zhao, Y. Zhao et al. 2013. High performance asymmetric supercapacitor based on MnO, electrode in ionic liquid electrolyte. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 1 3706-3712. 

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