Poly soaps

NMR-studies indicate a reduced segmental mobility and higher order parameter for the central hydrocarbon fragments of bola-surfactants [437] compared to the tail ends of the corresponding monomers. The differences however are less pronounced as for oligomeric poly soaps [68, 69],... 

Toho Quench T-3. [Toho Chettt Industry] Anionic poly soap water-soluble quenching oil. 

Toho Quendi T-3. [Toho C3iem. Industry] Ankmic poly soap water-soluble quendiing dl. 

Figure 2. Effect of KBr on reduced viscosity of 37.9% polysoap. Key , O, 1.00% poly soap solution at 25 and 45 °C, respectively , , 6.00% poly soap solution at 25 and 45 °C, respectively. Reproduced from ref. 7. Copyright 1956 American Chemical Society.)...

Organic molecules with limited water solubility were solubilized by those poly soaps for which viscosity studies indicated micellar behavior (6). The solubilization had varied effects on the viscosity of the polysoap solutions, depending on the nature of the solubilized compound and the concentration... 

Figure 6. Effect of C12 content on reduced viscosity of polyelectrolytes. Key 1, polyivinyl-N-ethylpyridinium bromide) 2, 6.75% polysoap 3, 13.6% poly soap 4, 28.5% poly soap 5, 37.9% polysoap. Reproduced from ref. 8. Copyright 1954 American Chemical Society.)...

Pospisil J. Aromatic and heterocyclic amines in polymer stabilization. Adv Polym Sci Poly-soaps/Stabilizers/Nitrogen-15 NMR 1995 124 87-189. 

The iV-alkyl groups may furnish yet another source of intermonomer and interpolymer association. Considerable evidence has been assembled to establish the surfactant-like properties of these polymers [25]. In fact, copolymers 3 that carry 10-40% iV-dodecyl groups (R = C12H25) and 90-60% iV-ethyl groups (R2 = C2H5) were first prepared by Strauss and associates [26-28] who observed their ability to self-associate in water, both intermolecularly and intramolecularly. Furthermore, these materials, often referred to as poly soaps,... 

Fluorinated surfactants and polymers may have a therapeutic effect of their own. Sawada et al. [180-182] have prepared fluoroalkylated anionic [180,181] and cationic poly soaps [182], The fluoroalkylated acrylic acid co-oligomers containing dimethylsilicone segments [180] and fluoroalkylated 2-(methacry-loxy)ethanesulfonic acid oligomers [181] were found to function as inhibitors of HIV-1 virus replication. A fluoroalkylated 4-vinylpyridinium chloride-acrylic acid cooligomer exhibited both virus-inhibiting and antibacterial activities [182]. 

Heat stabilizers protect polymers from the chemical degrading effects of heat or uv irradiation. These additives include a wide variety of chemical substances, ranging from purely organic chemicals to metallic soaps to complex organometaUic compounds. By far the most common polymer requiring the use of heat stabilizers is poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). However, copolymers of PVC, chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (CPVC), poly(vinyhdene chloride) (PVDC), and chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), also benefit from this technology. Without the use of heat stabilizers, PVC could not be the widely used polymer that it is, with worldwide production of nearly 16 million metric tons in 1991 alone (see Vinyl polymers). 

Three generations of latices as characterized by the type of surfactant used in manufacture have been defined (53). The first generation includes latices made with conventional (/) anionic surfactants like fatty acid soaps, alkyl carboxylates, alkyl sulfates, and alkyl sulfonates (54) (2) nonionic surfactants like poly(ethylene oxide) or poly(vinyl alcohol) used to improve freeze—thaw and shear stabiUty and (J) cationic surfactants like amines, nitriles, and other nitrogen bases, rarely used because of incompatibiUty problems. Portiand cement latex modifiers are one example where cationic surfactants are used. Anionic surfactants yield smaller particles than nonionic surfactants (55). Often a combination of anionic surfactants or anionic and nonionic surfactants are used to provide improved stabiUty. The stabilizing abiUty of anionic fatty acid soaps diminishes at lower pH as the soaps revert to their acids. First-generation latices also suffer from the presence of soap on the polymer particles at the end of the polymerization. Steam and vacuum stripping methods are often used to remove the soap and unreacted monomer from the final product (56). 

Poly(tetramethylene ether) glycols were found to have low oral toxicity in animal tests. The approximate lethal oral dose, LD q, for Terathane 1000 has been found to be greater than 11,000 mg/kg (272). No adverse effects on inhalation have been observed. The polymer glycols are mild skin and eye irritants, and contact with skin, eyes, and clothing should be avoided. Goggles and gloves are recommended. In case of contact with the skin, wash thoroughly with water and soap. If swallowed, no specific intervention is indicated, because the compounds are not hazardous. However, a physician should be consulted (260). 

Poly(vinyl acetate) latex paints are the first choice for interior use (149). Their abihty to protect and decorate is reinforced by several advantages belonging exclusively to latex paints they do not contain solvents so that physiological harm and fire ha2ards are eliminated they are odorless they are easy to apply with spray gun, roUer-coater, or bmsh and they dry rapidly. The paint can be thinned with water, and bmshes or coaters can be cleaned with soap and tepid water. The paint is usually dry in 20 minutes to two hours, and two coats may be applied the same day. 

Ethylhexanal, the reduced aldol condensation product of //-butyraldehyde, is converted into 2-ethylhexanoic acid [149-57-5] which is converted primarily into salts or metal soaps. These are used as paint driers and heat stabili2ers for poly(vinyl chloride). 

Salts of neodecanoic acid have been used in the preparation of supported catalysts, such as silver neodecanoate for the preparation of ethylene oxide catalysts (119), and the nickel soap in the preparation of a hydrogenation catalyst (120). Metal neodecanoates, such as magnesium, lead, calcium, and zinc, are used to improve the adherence of plasticized poly(vinyl butyral) sheet to safety glass in car windshields (121). Platinum complexes using neodecanoic acid have been studied for antitumor activity (122). Neodecanoic acid and its esters are used in cosmetics as emoUients, emulsifiers, and solubilizers (77,123,124). Zinc or copper salts of neoacids are used as preservatives for wood (125). 

Latex Types. Latexes are differentiated both by the nature of the coUoidal system and by the type of polymer present. Nearly aU of the coUoidal systems are similar to those used in the manufacture of dry types. That is, they are anionic and contain either a sodium or potassium salt of a rosin acid or derivative. In addition, they may also contain a strong acid soap to provide additional stabUity. Those having polymer soUds around 60% contain a very finely tuned soap system to avoid excessive emulsion viscosity during polymeri2ation (162—164). Du Pont also offers a carboxylated nonionic latex stabili2ed with poly(vinyl alcohol). This latex type is especiaUy resistant to flocculation by electrolytes, heat, and mechanical shear, surviving conditions which would easUy flocculate ionic latexes. The differences between anionic and nonionic latexes are outlined in Table 11. 

Blending of ABS with an acrylic material such as poly(methyl methacrylate) can in some cases allow a matching of the refractive indices of the rubbery and glassy phases and providing that there is a low level of contaminating material such as soap and an absence of insoluble additives a reasonable transparent ABS-type polymer may be obtained. More sophisticated are the complex terpolymers and blends of the MBS type considered below. Seldom used on their own, they are primarily of use as impact modifiers for unplasticised PVC. 

The anhydrous petrolatum base may be made more miscible with water through the use of an anhydrous liquid lanolin derivative. Drugs can be incorporated into such a base in aqueous solution if desired. Poly-oxyl 40 stearate and polyethylene glycol 300 are used in an anti-infective ointment to solubilize the active principle in the base so that the ointment can be sterilized by aseptic filtration. The cosmetic-type bases, such as the oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion bases popular in dermatology, should not be used in the eye, nor should liquid emulsions, owing to the ocular irritation produced by the soaps and surfactants used to form the emulsion. 

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