Poly Ethylene Terephthalate

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) was crystallized at 110°C and the densities were measuredf after the indicated time of crystallization  

Poly(ethylene Terephthalate). Poly(ethylene terephthalate) is prepared by the reaction of either terephthalic acid or dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol, and its repeating unit has the general structure. 

In poly(ethylene terephthalate) (14—16) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (17—19), the mechanism of action of phosphoms flame retardants is at least partly attributable to a decrease in the amount of combustible volatiles and a corresponding increase in nonvolatile residue (char). In poly(methyl methacrylate), the phosphoms flame retardant appears to cause an initial cross-linking through anhydride linkages (19). 

Nylon-6,6 cord Poly (ethylene terephthalate) cord  

The crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) at different temperatures after prior fusion at 294 C has been observed to follow the Avrami equation with the following parameters applying at the indicated temperatures  

Polyester Fibers Containing Phosphorus. Numerous patents describe poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) flame-retarded with phosphoms-containing diftmctional reactants. At least two of these appear to be commercial. 

Poly(aryl ether), unfilled 30% glass-fiber reinforced Poly(butylene terephthalate) Poly(ethylene terephthalate)  

The windows of the absorption cell are made from polymer material such as polyethylene, poly(ethylene terephthalate Terylene ) or polystyrene. 

J. W. Hastie and C. L. McBee, Mechanistic Studies ofFriphenylphosphine Oxide-Poly(ethylene terephthalate) and FelatedFlame Fetardant Systems, Feport NBSIF 75-741, Nad. Buieau of Standards Washington, D.C., 1975. 

Table 6 shows the sales estimates for principal film and sheet products for the year 1990 (14). Low density polyethylene films dominate the market in volume, followed by polystyrene and the vinyls. High density polyethylene, poly(ethylene terephthalate), and polypropylene are close in market share and complete the primary products. A number of specialty resins are used to produce 25,000—100,000 t of film or sheet, and then there are a large number of high priced, high performance materials that serve niche markets. The original clear film product, ceUophane, has faUen to about 25,000 t in the United States, with only one domestic producer. Table 7 Hsts some of the principal film and sheet material manufacturers in the United States.

Those polymers which are the condensation product of two different monomers are named by applying the preceding rules to the repeat unit. For example, the polyester formed by the condensation of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid is called poly(oxyethylene oxyterphthaloyl) according to the lUPAC system, as well as poly (ethylene terephthalate) or polyethylene terephthalate. 

BiaxiaHy oriented films have excellent tensile strength properties and good tear and impact properties. They are especially well regarded for their brilliance and clarity. Essentially all poly(ethylene terephthalate) film is biaxiaHy oriented, and more than 80% of polypropylene film is biaxiaHy oriented. Polystyrene film is oriented, and a lesser amount of polyethylene, polyamide, poly(vinyl chloride), and other polymers are so processed. Some of the specialty films, like polyimides (qv), are also oriented. 

Ester interchange reactions are valuable, since, say, methyl esters of di-carboxylic acids are often more soluble and easier to purify than the diacid itself. The methanol by-product is easily removed by evaporation. Poly (ethylene terephthalate) is an example of a polymer prepared by double application of reaction 4 in Table 5.3. The first stage of the reaction is conducted at temperatures below 200°C and involves the interchange of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol 

However, because of the low melting poiats and poor hydrolytic stabiUty of polyesters from available iatermediates, Carothers shifted his attention to linear ahphatic polyamides and created nylon as the first commercial synthetic fiber. It was nearly 10 years before. R. Whinfield and J. T. Dickson were to discover the merits of poly(ethylene terephthalate) [25038-59-9] (PET) made from aromatic terephthaUc acid [100-21-0] (TA) and ethylene glycol [107-21-1] (2G). 

Most of the polymer s characteristics stem from its molecular stmcture, which like POE, promotes solubiUty in a variety of solvents in addition to water. It exhibits Newtonian rheology and is mechanically stable relative to other thermoplastics. It also forms miscible blends with a variety of other polymers. The water solubiUty and hot meltable characteristics promote adhesion in a number of appHcations. PEOX has been observed to promote adhesion comparable with PVP and PVA on aluminum foil, cellophane, nylon, poly(methyl methacrylate), and poly(ethylene terephthalate), and in composite systems improved tensile strength and Izod impact properties have been noted. 

The majority of xylenes, which are mostly produced by catalytic reforming or petroleum fractions, ate used in motor gasoline (see Gasoline and other MOTORFUELs). The majority of the xylenes that are recovered for petrochemicals use are used to produce PX and OX. PX is the most important commercial isomer. Almost all of the PX is converted to terephthaUc acid and dimethylterephthalate, and then to poly(ethylene terephthalate) for ultimate use in fibers, films, and resins. 

In conventional tenter orientation, the sequence of steps is as described above (MD—TD). In some cases it is advantageous to reverse the draw order (TD—MD) or to use multiple draw steps, eg, MD—TD—MD. These other techniques are used to produce "tensilized" films, where the MD tensile properties are enhanced by further stretching. The films are generally unbalanced in properties and in extreme cases may be fibrillated to give fiber-like elements for special textile appHcations. Tensilized poly(ethylene terephthalate) is a common substrate for audio and video magnetic tape and thermal transfer tape. 

The film tube is collapsed within a V-shaped frame of rollers and is nipped at the end of the frame to trap the air within the bubble. The nip roUs also draw the film away from the die. The draw rate is controlled to balance the physical properties with the transverse properties achieved by the blow draw ratio. The tube may be wound as such or may be sHt and wound as a single-film layer onto one or more roUs. The tube may also be direcdy processed into bags. The blown film method is used principally to produce polyethylene film. It has occasionally been used for polypropylene, poly(ethylene terephthalate), vinyls, nylon, and other polymers. 

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