Filler carbon fiber

Typical fillers carbon fiber, glass fiber, graphite, fluorocarbon, PTFE... 

Typical fillers carbon fiber, glass fiber, aramid, mica, talc, calcinated kaolin, antimony trioxide, carbon black, zinc borate, glass spheres... 

Filler Carbon fiber lubricant Carbon fiber PTFE PTFE... 

Additives used in final products Fillers carbon fiber, glass fiber, graphene, graphite, molybde-nium dioxide, MWCNT, PTFE powder (0.5%), silica, talc, TlOj (3%), zinc oxide ... 

Blends of the polysulfone tesia have been made with ABS, poly(ethylene terephthalate), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and polycarbonate. These ate sold by Amoco under the Miadel trademark. Additional materials ate compounded with mineral filler, glass, or carbon fiber to improve properties and lower price. 

The properties of traditional fillers, such as carbon black, graphite, metal powders, carbon fibers, are described in detail in [13], therefore, new kinds of conducting fillers which have recently appeared will be considered below. 

At present, the most promising fillers are those with 1/d P 1, i.e. fibers and flaky fillers that make it possible to reduce filler concentration in a composite and, thus, facilitate the processing and improve physical-mechanical properties [17]. Besides cut carbon fibers, carbon fibers coated with a layer of Ni that have higher conductivity have been developed (American cyanamid) [14]. Glass fibers with a layer of aluminium (MB Associates, Lundy Electronics) [16] are in production. 

Thus, bearing in mind that smaller filler concentrations worsen the physical-mechanical properties of the composites to a smaller degree, it follows that the most promising are the fillers which provide for a preset level of a at smaller concentration. The table shows that the most promising are carbon fibers coated with Ni (American Cyanamid) and steel fibers (Brunswick Corp.) [16]. 

Reduced Mold Shrinkage (Increased mold-to-size capability) Glass fibers Carbon fibers Fillers Ductility, cost Ductility, cost Tensile strength, ductility, cost Ductility, cost Ductility, cost Tensile strength, ductility, cost... 

Katsumata, M. and Endo, M. J.,Epoxy composites using vapor-grown carbon fiber fillers for advanced electroconductive adhesive agents, J. Mater. Res., 1994, 9(4), 841 843. 

Nanocarbon composites can be broadly divided into three kinds, each with some possible subdivisions. Examples of these composites and their schematic representations are presented in Fig. 8.1. The first type corresponds to composites where the nanocarbon is used as a filler added to a polymer matrix analogous, for example, to rubber reinforced with carbon black (CB). The second consists of hierarchical composites with both macroscopic fibers and nanocarbon in a polymer, such as a carbon fiber laminate with CNTs dispersed in the epoxy matrix. The third type is macroscopic fibers based... 

For applications where only mechanical properties are relevant, it is often sufficient to use resins for the filling and we end up with carbon-reinforced polymer structures. Such materials [23] can be soft, like the family of poly-butadiene materials leading to rubber or tires. The transport properties of the carbon fibers lead to some limited improvement of the transport properties of the polymer. If carbon nanotubes with their extensive propensity of percolation are used [24], then a compromise between mechanical reinforcement and improvement of electrical and thermal stability is possible provided one solves the severe challenge of homogeneous mixing of binder and filler phases. For the macroscopic carbon fibers this is less of a problem, in particular when advanced techniques of vacuum infiltration of the fluid resin precursor and suitable chemical functionalization of the carbon fiber are applied. 

Fig. 9.1 Top view on two variants of C3 materials. The carbon fibers (a) themselves exhibit a complex inner microstructure that needs carful optimization for strength and stability. The isotropic filler phase (b) should be free of pores and other weak points caused by uneven distribution in the composite body. The ordered graphitic BSU (c) can provide a very strong but still flexible anchoring of the fibers in the isotropic matrix.

It is a chemical challenge to initiate the growth of BSU such that they all adhere to the carbon fiber filler. If unsuccessful, soot particles may result. These may form a granular non-interacting second phase which strongly counteracts the intended effect of... 

Although this technique is not normally used for thin polymer films for the reasons described before, it can be used for analyzing the surface of polymer composites containing conductive fillers, e.g. carbon fibers. In addition, because of the surface specificity, the sampled area can be maintained almost identically to the beam cross-section so that the scanning Auger microscope (SAM) can have a spatial resolution that is much better than that of microprobe analysis. 

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