Ethylene glycol with water

Papoutsi, D., Lianos, P. and Brown, W. (1994) Interaction of poly ethylene glycol with water-in-oil microemulsions. 3. Effect of polymer size and polymer concentration. Langmuir, 10,3402-3405. 

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (abbreviated PET or PETE) is a semi-aromatic thermoplastic polyester obtained by condensation reaction of difunctional reactants and well-known for more than 60 years. PET is commonly produced by esterification reaction between terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol with water as a byproduct or by transesterification reaction between ethylene glycol and dimethyl terephthalate with methanol as a byproduct. In order to obtain high molar masses polymers, solid-state polymerization is carried out. PET is one of the most important industrial polymers because of its excellent properties as tensile impact strength, chemical resistance, processability, clarity, thermal stability and others. The main applications of PET are fibers for textiles, films and bottles. Annual world PET production is around 60 millions tons. PET materials were manufactured using extrusion, injection molding and blow molding techniques. 

Condensation polymerization differs from addition polymerization in that the polymer is formed by reaction of monomers, each step in the process resulting in the elimination of some easily removed molecule (often water). E.g. the polyester polyethylene terephthalate (Terylene) is formed by the condensation polymerization (polycondensation) of ethylene glycol with terephthalic acid ... 

With Alcohols. These reactions parallel those of ethylene oxide with water. The primary products are monoethers of ethylene glycol secondary products are monoethers of poly(ethylene glycol) (42). Most are appreciably water-soluble. 

Ethyl ether with ethanolamine, ethylene glycol or water. 

Clark and Vermeulen (C8) measured gas holdup in three different liquids —isopropyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, and water. They measured the increase in holdup with agitation as compared to no agitation, and correlated their results as a function of the volumetric gas velocity, Weber number, P/P0, and a geometric factor. Typical volumetric gas holdup values reported in the literature vary from about 2% to 40% of the total dispersion volume (Cl, C2, C8, F2, G10). 

Ethylene glycol is made by reacting ethylene oxide with water ... 

Highly viscous petroleum oil containing 30% to 80% water can be transported through pipes more efficiently when a 1 1 mixture of washing liquid and antifreeze (i.e., ethylene glycol with borax) is added to the oil in amounts of 0.002% to 0.2% by weight. In addition to increased efficiency of transport, reduced corrosion of pipes can be achieved [893]. 

The FD mass spectra provide qualitative distribution of various species in HTE polymers. Most importantly, the spectra also provide the structural information to prove the incorporation of one unit of modifier, ethylene glycol or water, in HTE polymers. This is also the first analysis that distinguishes HTE polymers synthesized in conjunction with ethylene glycol and water. The incorporation of one unit of modifier into the polymer chain has been estimated semi-quantitatively with H NMR method for the copolymerization of tetrahydrofuran and propylene oxide in conjunction with 1,4-butanediol as a modifier (7). 

The catalyst system Pd(acac)2/TPPTS (TPPTS = trisulfonated triphenylphos-phine) was used in the experiments in which the telomerization of butadiene with ethylene glycol in TMS systems was investigated. However, the catalyst precipitates from many solvent mixtures as a yellow oil or solid, as soon as a homogenous phase is obtained. For this reason the solubihty of the catalyst was determined in various solvent systems. A solution of the catalyst in the mixture of ethylene glycol and water (si) and toluene (s2) was used in a weight ratio of 1 3. The various mediators s3 were added until a clear solution was formed or the catalyst precipitated. Only with DMF or DMSO can a clear solution be obtained. The addition of the catalyst to the polar phase causes an increase in the amount of s3 required to achieve a homogeneous system in the solvent system si toluene DMF the ratio increases from 1 5 4 to 1 5 4.4. 

Table 2 Telomerization of butadiene with ethylene glycol with addition of cyclodextrins. Reaction conditions 0.06 mol % Pd(acac)2/0.3 mol % TPPTS based on ethylene glycol Pd/P =1 5 butadiene/ethylene glycol = 2.5 1, si = ethylene glycol water 2 1, 80°C 4h 1200 rpm...

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a copolymer of ethylene glycol with either terephthalic acid or dimethyl terephthalate. PET is used in packaging applications for soft drinks and mineral water, and for the bottles that are collected by curbside or deposit systems. As it does not thermally deform below about 220° C, PET is also used for trays and dishes for microwave and conventional cooking. 

Automobile Antifreeze. Ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol are used as automobile antifreeze, and are produced by the reactions of ethylene oxide with water, as follows ... 

Fig. 65. Heat evolution on nitration of ethylene glycol with nitrating mixtures of variable water content (Roth, Stow and Kouba [27]).

The tunneling decay of et by reaction with acceptors at temperatures permitting diffusion of reagents has also been studied in a vitreous ethylene glycol-water mixture (70% ethylene glycol + 30% water) [105], The decay of et by reaction with H in the range 25-120 K is found to be well described by eqn. (35) of Chap. 4. At 140 K and above the decay of etr can be described... 

Epoxides are important intermediates in many industrial processes. For example, the reaction of the simplest epoxide, ethylene oxide, with water is employed to produce ethylene glycol, which is used in antifreeze and to prepare polymers such as Dacron. One method for the preparation of ethylene oxide employs an intramolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction of ethylene chlorohydrin ... 

This reaction cannot be controlled—once it is initiated, it runs to completion. Treatment of ethylene oxide with controlled amounts of water does lead to the important coolant ethylene glycol (excess water) and the oligomers di-, tri-, and tetraethylene glycol. These are important solvents for polar compounds. Triethylene glycol is also the starting material for the synthesis of 18-crown-6 above. 

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