Pollution control, regional

The ICS/SCS control system has been used for control of emissions from nonferrous smelters. Discuss at least one such active system in terms of its success or failure. Discuss the reasons why the interstate air pollution control region concept has failed in the United States. 

Selection of pollution control methods is generally based on the need to control ambient air quaUty in order to achieve compliance with standards for critetia pollutants, or, in the case of nonregulated contaminants, to protect human health and vegetation. There are three elements to a pollution problem a source, a receptor affected by the pollutants, and the transport of pollutants from source to receptor. Modification or elimination of any one of these elements can change the nature of a pollution problem. For instance, tall stacks which disperse effluent modify the transport of pollutants and can thus reduce nearby SO2 deposition from sulfur-containing fossil fuel combustion. Although better dispersion aloft can solve a local problem, if done from numerous sources it can unfortunately cause a regional one, such as the acid rain now evident in the northeastern United States and Canada (see Atmospheric models). References 3—15 discuss atmospheric dilution as a control measure. The better approach, however, is to control emissions at the source. 

To provide basic geographic units for the air-pollution control program, the United States was divided into 247 air quahty control regions (AQCRs). By a standard rollback approach, the total quantity of pollution in a region was estimated, the quantity of pollution that could be tolerated without exceeding standards was then calculated, and the degree of reduction called tor was determined. States were required by EPA to develop state implementation plans (SIPs) to achieve comphance. 

None of the interstate air quality control regions operates as a unif 1 air pollution control agency. Their control functions are all exercised, their separate intrastate components. 

Is there a local air pollution control agency in your city, county, or region How is it organized Where is its principal office Who is its head ... 

Assists state and local air pollution control agencies and EPA regional offices with technical matters pertaining to health, exposure, and risk assessment of air pollutants. Services are also extended to the general public, small businesses and international agencies. Thursday 8 00 a.m. to 5 00p.m., EST Friday 8 00 a.m. to 4p.m., EST. 

Encourage and assist the development and operation of regional air pollution control programs... 

Air pollution in the United States is regulated at federal, state, and local levels. Allowable concentrations of the major air pollutants are set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the auspices of the Clean Air Act. States and localities implement pollution control plans in accordance with the provisions of the Clean Air Act in regions where air pollutant concentrations exceed the federal standards. Some states and localities have air pollution standards of their own, and in the past, such standards have occasionally been more stringent than those of the EPA. 

Table 3 shows the current health-related national ambient air quality standards set by the EPA as of 1999. Regions that violate these standards may be classified as nonattamment areas by the EPA, and can face sanctions if they do not promulgate pollution control plans that are acceptable to the agency. 

Conclusions - Dissolved Oxygen. Continued attainment of DO standards in the Willamette Basin in the face of a current regional growth rate of 1% yr will require continued augmentation of flow as well as pollution control, particularly with respect to ammonia. Based on model results discussed, there appears to be little justification for the installation of advanced wastewater treatment systems in the basin for the purpose of maintaining acceptable DO levels. 

FAO (2000) Water quality management and pollution control in the near east an overview. Paper presented at the regional workshop on water quality management and pollution control... 

Air pollution often travels from its source in one state to another state. In many metropolitan areas, people live in one state and work or shop in another air pollution from cars and trucks may spread throughout the interstate area. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 provide for interstate commissions on air pollution control, which are to develop regional strategies for cleaning up air pollution. The 1990 amendments also cover pollution that originates in nearby countries, such as Mexico and Canada, and drifts into the United States as well as pollution from the United States that reaches Canada and Mexico. 

The national network of air pollution measurements is keyed to the 247 air quality control regions (aqcr s), which were classified according to the relative severity of their pollution problems. The classification is a ranking of measured ambient air concentrations or the estimated air quality in the area of maximal severity. The priorities for air quality problem severity are as follows ... 

A report by the National Academy of Sciences Gxirdinating Committee on Air Quality Studies to the U.S. Senate concluded that available air monitoring data do not allow conclusions to be drawn about photochemical oxidant trends on a nation-wide basis. This report relied heavily on California data to illustrate trends, because so much information was available for that region. Maximal 1-h concentrations in the New Jersey cities of Bayonne and Newark were compared for 4-yr periods between 1%6 and 1973. These two cities exhibited 24% and 46% decreases, respectively. Emphasis was placed on differences in calibration procedure in various jurisdictions of air pollution control agencies. It is indicated that trend analysis for each station is still valid, despite the differences in calibration procedure. But values from different places must be compared cautiously. 

Schuck, E. A., and R. A. Papetti. Examination of the photochemical air pollution problem in the southern California area. Appendix D. In Technical Support Document for the Metropolitan Los Angeles Intrastate Air Quality Control Region Transportation Control Plan Final Promulgation. San Francisco U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IX, Oct. 30, 1973. 19 pp. 

This book emphasizes in-depth presentation of environmental pollution sources, waste characteristics, control technologies, management strategies, facility innovations, process alternatives, costs, case histories, effluent standards, and future trends for the process industry, and in-depth presentation of methodologies, technologies, alternatives, regional effects, and global effects of important pollution control practices that may be applied to the industry. This book covers new subjects as much as possible. 

The physical characteristics of individual particles also are of environmental significance. For example, the smaller particles (diameters on the order of 1 micrometer of less) generally are most important in that they have very long atmospheric residence times (18), are least effectively controlled by pollution control devices (19), are preferentially deposited in the pulmonary regions of the lung (20,21), and may be most enriched in toxic species on a specific concentration (iig/g) basis (22-24). 

The surface layer composition may influence the effectiveness of pollution control devices. For example, it is apparent that a surface region highly enriched is alkali-alkaline earth sulfates may enhance the fly ash particle collection efficiency of electrostatic precipitators (11, 12, 51-53). 

Congress attempted to correct that deficiency and other air pollution problems in a series of amendments to the 1963 act passed in 1965, 1966, 1967, and 1969. The 1965 amendments, for example, authorized the secretary of health, education and welfare to establish nationwide standards for automobile exhaust emissions. This legislation and later amendments also authorized the surgeon general to study the effects of air pollutants on human health, expanded local air quality programs, set compliance deadlines for meeting new air quality standards, established air quality control regions (AQCRs), and authorized research on low emission fuels and more fuel-efficient automobiles. 

Keywords Hemispheric background, Long-term trends, NOx and VOCs, Ozone, Photochemical ozone formation, Regional pollution controls... 

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