Long-term trends

Presence or absence of state industries Long-term trend for taxes... 

In 1974, the Harmonized Monitoring Programme was set up by the Department of the Environment (DoE). The objective was to provide a network of sites at the lower end of catchments, where water quality data could be collected and analysed in a nationally consistent manner, allowing the loads of materials carried through river catchments into estuaries to be estimated and long-term trends in river quality to be assessed. The complete list of substances to be monitored is diverse and specifies about 115 substances. The pesticides aldrin, dieldrin, y-HCH, heptachlor, p,p -DDT and p,p -DDE are included. Figures 1 and 2 show the downward trend of y-HCH and dieldrin over the past 20 years at the Harmonized Monitoring Sites. This confirms that reductions in environmental concentrations have been achieved, particularly over the past 10 years. 

Average airport visibilities over the eastern half of the United States have been determined over a period of approximately 25 years (1948-1974) (6). Although seasonal variations occur, the long-term trend has been decreased visual air quality over the time period. 

World trade in coal totaled 576 million tons (524 million tonnes) in 1998, of which 523 million tons (476 million tonnes) shipped in oceangoing vessels. Coal shipments use the same dry bulk vessels that transport other bulk commodities, such as iron ore and bauxite, so vessel rates for coal shipments arc hostage to wider market forces. However, the cyclic pattern observable in vessel rates disguises the long-term trend in which rates have varied little in nominal terms. For example, spot vessel coal rates in the 1998-1999 time period were about the same as in the mid-1980s, varying between 5 and 10 per ton. 

Stensland, Gary . Whelpdale, D.M. Oehlert,G. Precipitation Chemistry, In ACID DEPOSITION LONG TERM TRENDS, National Academy of Sciences Press, Washington, DC, 1986, pp 128-199. 

Woods, T. J., "The Long-Term Trends in U.S. Gas Supply and Prices The 1989 GRI Baseline Projection of U.S. Energy Supply and Demand to 2010," Gas Research Insights (GRIPubL), Gas Research Institute Chicago, EL, 1990. 

Water resources decision making in many areas, particularly arid and semi-arid climates such as the American West, depends on interannual to decadal variations in surface water availability. In addition to more predictable seasonal differences, runoff tends to exhibit long-term trends alternating between flood and drought periods. Figure 6-10 shows historical wet and dry periods based on streamflow records for 50 world rivers. For the most part, these periods are consistent on a regional basis, though they appear to alternate on a hemispheric scale. 

Marenco, A., Gouget H., Nedelec P., Pages, J.-P. and Karcher, F. (1994). Evidence of a long-term trend in tropospheric ozone from Pic du Midi data series consequences positive radiative forcing. /. Geophys. Res. 99,16617-16632. 

So-called accelerated testing is used to get a feeling for the long-term trend without having to wait for years (see the next section). 

Norstrom, R.J., Simon, M., and Weseloh, D.V. (1986). Long term trends of PCDD and PCDF contamination in the Great Lakes. Proceedings of Dioxin 86, the Sixth International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds held at Fukuoka, Japan, September 1986. 

How can pharma R D managers ensure that the future for process and performance improvement is not just like the past, where the long-term trend appears to be decreased, not increased, economic effectiveness ... 

Palmer SM, Driscoll CT, Johnson CE. 2004. Long-term trends in soil solution and stream water chemistry at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest relationship with landscape position. Biogeochemistry 68(l) 51-70. 

Liang F, Xia XX (2005) Long-term trends in solar radiation and the associated climatic factors over China for 1961-2000. Ann Geophys 23 2425-2432... 

The cases F, G and H illustrate exceptional situations, demanding instant attention as the process is threatening to get out of control. F shows periodic alterations, G a long-term trend, while in case H a particular great number of values are close to the control limit. 

Newton, I., I. Wyllie, and A. Asher. 1993. Long-term trends in organochlorine and mercury residues in some predatory birds in Britain. Environ. Pollut. 79 143-151. 

Johnstone, R.M., G.S. Court, A.C. Fesser, D.M. Bradley, L.W. Oliphant, and J.D. MacNeil. 1996. Long-term trends and sources of organochlorine contamination in Canadian tundra peregrine falcons, Falco peregrinus tundrius. Environ. Pollut. 93 109-120. 

Figure 7. Estimated long-term trends of hydrogen ion (Hv) concentrations per micro liter in precipitation at CAPMoN sites.

At present there exist two versions of MSCE-POP model a regional version elaborated for the EMEP region with spatial resolution 50 x 50 km and 150 x 150 km, and a hemispheric version with spatial resolution 2.5 x 2.5°. Modelling of POP transport requires information on the physical-chemical properties of considered POPs, their emissions and also meteorological and geophysical data. The model output data are calculated fields of depositions and concentrations in the main environmental media with different spatial resolutions and long-term trends of contamination by various... 

As described before, there is only one balance per coil and a residual in that equation may be due to an error in one of several variables. A further set of equations describing the coils is required, and they may be found in the long-term trends for that coil. 

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