Policy factors

Evaluation of effects of management influences and policy factors on error causation... 

We show the evidence that for an energy paradigm to succeed the merits of technology do not suffice instead four factors have to be well aligned with articulated actions the sustainability factor the technological the market factors and the policy factors. But it is on top of this common action of these factors the political process which takes the lead in the change process. 

Flood risk is completely unaccepted by the national limit in accordance with the policy factor 8 = 0.1 (characteristic for an involuntary activity with some benefit IR= 10 per year), which is found for individual risk due to flood in Vietnam in Section 5.1. The limit Une corresponds to the constant value of Cn = 56. 

A flood eventwhich would claim less than 100 fatalities is accepted with the limit in accordance with the policy factor taken a value of 1.0, which is similar to acceptable risk limit for traffic accidents. 

Cultural, organisational and policy factors, 34 Summary and conclusions, 38... 

A series of structured interviews were held with marine contractors and other stakeholders to draw out cultural, organisational and policy factors that contribute to safety practice in coastal engineering. These structured interviews covered the following principal topics, focusing on the differences between land-based construction and coastal/maritime construction ... 

In the absence of a rislc allowance the cost of capital becomes a technical financial computation based on sources of funds and company policy. As such it will usually be presented as a figure specified For use in a particular appraisal and is therefore of little concern to the projec t assessor. However, the following resume indicates the lands of Factors to be considered. 

Further incentives to use energy-efficient motors are provided by various cost rebate programs offered by utilities based on norsepower rating and efficiency level. Another factor that will have a significant impact is the Energy Policy Act of 1992, in which the U.S. Congress established limits on the lowest level of nominal efficiency that certain classes of motors of standard design can have after 1997. 

The impact of chemical pollution on the reproductive success and population sizes of wildlife species is often difficult to assess. In many cases, environmental factors such as habitat restriction, stress due to human intrusion and changes in natural food supplies owing to hunting, fishing and restocking policies may have a significant, even predominant, effect on population size. This makes it difficult to determine to what extent, if any, environmental endocrine disrupters may be contributing to observed effects on reproduction or population size in wildlife species. 

B. J. M. Ale, The Implementation of an External Safety Policy in the Netherlands, International Conference on Elazard Identification and Risk Analysis, Human factors and Human Reliability in Process Safety, January 15-17, 1992, Orlando, PL, 173-183, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, NY, 1992. 

The factors that favour successful industrial innovation have been memorably analysed by a team at the Science Policy Research Unit at Sussex University, in England (Rothwell et al. 1974). In this project (named SAPPHO) 43 pairs of attempted similar innovations one successful in each pair, one a commercial failure - were critically compared, in order to derive valid generalisations. One conclusion was The responsible individuals (i.e., technical innovator, business innovator, chief executive, and - especially - product champion) in the successful attempts are usually more senior and have greater authority than their counterparts who fail . 

Binding occupational exposure limit values reflect feasibility factors related to social acceptability. When the results of environmental monitoring have to be compared with OELs, factors that influence exposure and that entail preventive policies are considered. For these values member states shall establish a corresponding national binding occupational exposure limit value based on but not exceeding the community limit value. That is, a binding limit means a minimum requirement. 

As a next step, identify the specific resources that are currently available to you and try to quantify them in terms of staff-time. Also, make sure to factor in any restrictions that might apply (e.g., a company policy that limits reas-... 

The last area addressed by the systems approach is concerned with global issues involving the influence of organizational factors on human error. The major issues in this area are discussed in Chapter 2, Section 7. The two major perspectives that need to be considered as part of an error reduction program are the creation of an appropriate safety culture and the inclusion of human error reduction within safety management policies. 

The other global dimension of the systems approach is the need for the existence of policies which address human factors issues at senior levels in the company. This implies that senior management realizes that resources spent on programs to reduce error will be as cost-effective as investments in engineered safety systems. 

Sociotechnical approach (control of error through changes in management policy and culture) Occupational/process safety Effects of organizational factors on safety Policy aspects Culture Interviews Surveys Organizational redesign Total Quality Management More frequent in recent years... 

Management policies have an all pervasive effect on the activities of individuals at every level in the organization. The safety-related factors at the management level which have been considered in the organizational systems perspective in Chapter 2, will be summarized here to complete the general classification scheme of PIFs. 

MORT excels in terms of organizational root cause identification, as factors such as functional responsibilities, management systems and policies are well covered, but this strength of the method requires an accurate description of the incident process, and an experienced MORT analyst who is knowledgeable and well-practiced in the methodology. 

This stage is used to evaluate indirect generic causes such as inadequate human factors policies in the plant or the company. 

With regard to evaluating these factors, it is recommended that structured checklists be used, such as those provided by the HFAM method described in Chapter 2. These checklists provide an explicit link between the direct causal factors and management policies. Figure 2.12 shows how these checklists could be used to investigate possible procedures deficiencies, and the policies that led to the deficiencies, as part of the incident investigation. Similar checklists can be used to investigate possible culture problems (e.g., inappropriate trade-offs between safety and production) that could have been implicated in an accident. 

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