Plotters

For the measurement of magnetisation in hysteresis-loop measurements, a search coil consisting of several-turn windings around a specimen is coimected to a fluxmeter whose output can be recoded on thejy-axis of an x,y plotter. The x-axis records the field strength of the primary coil around the specimen. The whole procedure can be done conveniendy in a hysteresigraph, whereby the induction is recorded automatically as the field is varied continuously. 

Microcomputer monitor graphics board modem phone line math co-processor data storage space digitizer printer or plotter. 

Injection Molding Machines Glow Molding Con-presion Presses Transfer presses Thermotorming Machines Molds i Die Auxiliary Equipment Liquid Depensing Systems Irrpregnators Plotters... 

CADD, a part of CAD, is the computer-assisted generation of working drawings and other documents. The CADD user generates graphics by interactive communication with the computer. The graphics are displayed on a video terminal and can be converted into hard copy by a printer or plotter. 

The basic instrumentation required for controlled-potential experiments is relatively inexpensive and readily available commercially. The basic necessities include a cell (with a three-electrode system), a voltammetric analyzer (consisting of a potentiostatic circuitry and a voltage ramp generator), and an X-Y-t recorder (or plotter). Modem voltammetric analyzers are versatile enough to perform many modes of operation. Depending upon the specific experiment, other components may be required. For example, a faradaic cage is desired for work with ultramicroelectrodes. The system should be located in a room free from major electrical interferences, vibrations, and drastic fluctuations in temperature. 

Cubic equations are often very tedious to solve exactly, and so it is better to use mathematical software, a graphing calculator, or a plotter, such as the one on the Web site for this book, and to identify the locations where the graph of y(x) against x passes through y = 0 (Fig. 2). 

Before the advent of the digital computer high-order and nonlinear functions were impractical at best, and without a graphics-plotter much time is needed to draw a curve. Interpolation, particularly in the form X = /(y), is neither transparent nor straightforward if confidence limits are requested. 

Ensure that the actual instrument configuration conforms to what is written under Experimental supplier, models, modifications, consumables (HPLC or GC columns, gaskets, etc.), and software for the main instrument, peripherals (injectors, integrators, computers, printers, plotters, etc.), and ancillary equipment (vortexer, dispensers, balances, centrifuges, filters, tubing, etc.). 

Three paths can be advanced (1) expansion, e.g., Taylor series (2) trial and error, e.g., generating curves on the plotter and (3) simplex optimization algorithm. (See Section 3.1.)... 

Current Developments. A number of low-cost proprietary temperature loggers are being trialled in conjunction with the above IS Controller. In one form (14) these produce only a strip chart data table. Although convenient for statistical analysis these require keying into a further microcomputer plotter to draw a complete process temperature profile, as shown in Figure lb. As an illustration of the IS Controller s performance, statistics for the 150 minutes after exothermic overshoot indicate a mean temperature within 0.1"C of the set point and a standard deviation of 0.4°C. 

The interferometer assembly has been modified to provide acoustic isolation from both building vibrations and airborne noise (7). These improvements have greatly enhanced the signal to noise. The spectra presented here show a signal to noise ratio in excess of 500 for silica samples and in excess of 100 for the alumina samples the differences are due to different sample porosities. No smoothing of the spectra has been performed, and all spectra reported are direct reproductions of the plotter output from the spectrometer. 

In addition to the programs to select the optimum discussed previously, graphic approaches are also available and graphic output is provided by a plotter from computer tapes. The output includes plots of a given response as a function of a single variable (Fig. 11) or as a function of all five variables (Fig. 12). The abscissa for both types is produced in experimental units, rather than physical units, so that it extends from—1.547 to + 1.547 (see Table 5). Use of the experimental units allows the superpositioning of the single plots (see Fig. 11) to obtain the composite plots (see Fig. 12). 

Output can be directed to a variety of printers, plotters, and display terminals, and it is even possible for sophisticated users to add support for new kinds of devices, through a facility called the terminal data table, without a need for system programming. 

We have kept the data collection computer and its software simple and economical. The computing power and peripherals needed to provide high quality plotting and data reduction are available on a 32-bit minicomputer that supports a number of our projects. The floppy discs from the data collection process can be read directly into the data reduction computer. Special menus have been set up to facilitate plotting of the data on a high speed color raster display or on a high-quality multicolor pen plotter. 

Our preferred experiment of this type is the so called DEPT-edited HSQC which is both relatively artefact-free and sensitive. It also has one other major advantage up its sleeve. This experiment is not an absolute value technique like most of the others, but it allows for discrimination between different types of carbons. Methyl and methine carbons give crosspeaks that are phased opposite to the methylene carbons and so the results are best plotted on a colour plotter which can portray this clearly by plotting positive and negative cross peaks in different colors. 

After transferring the data collected by the HP-85 to the IBM 3030 we plotted the results for House 3090 using a Calcomp plotter. 

Establish arrays for graphics routines, 6RAFIHIT and PLOTTER mmplot - 5 Hunter of variables to plot. Hot wore than 19... 

PRINT 1, x pco2 sigcs sigcd alks alkd hco3s co3s GOSUB PLOTTER RETURN... 

PLOTTER Subroutine plots values as the calculation proceeds... 

Subroutine PLOTTER actually plots the relative values of the elements of an array called ploty. In this subroutine it is necessary only to set the values of ploty according to the labels specified in GRAFINIT. It is not necessary to plot all of the dependent variables, y, and it is possible to plot derived quantities like the concentrations of dissolved carbon species, by simply specifying what is wanted in GRAFINIT and PLOTTER. The cores of these two subroutines, GRINC and PLTC, do not need to be modified for different simulations. 

Establish arrays for graphics routines, GRAFIN1T and PLOTTER... 

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