Computer plotter

The automatic apparatus consists of a viscosimeter and phototran-sistorized sensing devices mounted in a precision thermostat ( 0.005°C) connected to a cooled prethermostat ( 0.1°C). The base apparatus is commercially available (Schott Viscotimer, Jenaer Glaswerk, Schott Gen., Mainz), but the viscosimeter control functions and the time measurements are performed by using an electronic computer-controlled interface. This modification enables one to follow slow reactions and to reduce standard errors on the outflow times to 2 msec. The final results are evaluated numerically by an on-line computer-plotter system. 

Gray (39) developed a program which accepts the DSC sample and baseline data, matches the isothermal, performs cumulative and total area integrations in units of cal/g, corrects the temperature for thermal lag, and tabulates and plots ordinate values in specific-heat units as well as cumulative area in enthalpy units. The analog data from the DSC instrument are digitized and transferred to paper tape with the use of the Perkin-Eimer ADS VI Analytical Data System for Thermal Analysis. The data are digitized every two seconds or every 0.133°. A computer plotter then plots the DSC curve and also the cumulative peak area in specific enthalpy units, cal/g. 

CADD, a part of CAD, is the computer-assisted generation of working drawings and other documents. The CADD user generates graphics by interactive communication with the computer. The graphics are displayed on a video terminal and can be converted into hard copy by a printer or plotter. 

Before the advent of the digital computer high-order and nonlinear functions were impractical at best, and without a graphics-plotter much time is needed to draw a curve. Interpolation, particularly in the form X = /(y), is neither transparent nor straightforward if confidence limits are requested. 

Ensure that the actual instrument configuration conforms to what is written under Experimental supplier, models, modifications, consumables (HPLC or GC columns, gaskets, etc.), and software for the main instrument, peripherals (injectors, integrators, computers, printers, plotters, etc.), and ancillary equipment (vortexer, dispensers, balances, centrifuges, filters, tubing, etc.). 

In addition to the programs to select the optimum discussed previously, graphic approaches are also available and graphic output is provided by a plotter from computer tapes. The output includes plots of a given response as a function of a single variable (Fig. 11) or as a function of all five variables (Fig. 12). The abscissa for both types is produced in experimental units, rather than physical units, so that it extends from—1.547 to + 1.547 (see Table 5). Use of the experimental units allows the superpositioning of the single plots (see Fig. 11) to obtain the composite plots (see Fig. 12). 

We have kept the data collection computer and its software simple and economical. The computing power and peripherals needed to provide high quality plotting and data reduction are available on a 32-bit minicomputer that supports a number of our projects. The floppy discs from the data collection process can be read directly into the data reduction computer. Special menus have been set up to facilitate plotting of the data on a high speed color raster display or on a high-quality multicolor pen plotter. 

A computerized laboratory can utilize a software package called a laboratory information and management system (LIMS) to carry out or control all of these requirements provided that computerized instrumentation, computer terminals, printers and plotters, disk drives etc. are linked together in a local... 

A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrometer consists of an infrared source, an interference modulator (usually a scanning Michelson interferometer), a sample chamber and an infrared detector. Interference signals measured at the detector are usually amplified and then digitized. A digital computer initially records and then processes the interferogram and also allows the spectral data that results to be manipulated. Permanent records of spectral data are created using a plotter or other peripheral device. 

This is a universally applicable instrument for determining particle-size distributions of all kinds of solids which can be analysed either in suspension in a measuring cell or dry by feeding through a solid particle feeder. In the Fritsch Analysette 22 laser diffraction apparatus the measured particle-size distribution is displayed on the monitor in various forms, either as a frequency distribution, as a summary curve or in tabular form and can be subsequently recorded on a plotter, stored on hard disk or transferred to a central computer via an interface. The time required for one measurement is approximately 2min. 

The plotting program is written on a Tektronix 1+051 graphics micro-computer which is coupled to a 1+662 plotter. 

Fig. 5.10 Computer-assisted extraction kinetics-measuring apparatus for highly stirred phases (A) high-speed stirrer (B) stirrer shaft (C) sample inlet (D) Teflon stirring har (E) Teflon phase separator (F) water hath (G) flow-cell (H) spectrophotometer (I) peristaltic pump (J) chart recorder (K) A/D converter (L) clock (M) minicomputer (N) dual-floppy disk drive (O) printer, (P) plotter. (From Ref. 16.)...

Spectra were simulated by a Burroughs 6800 mainframe computer at the University of Detroit and plotted on a Hewlett-Packard 7470A digital plotter. 

These biological materials were prepared for counting by freeze-drying and compressing into aluminum cans as described in the previous section. After counting, the spectra were printed out on an X-Y plotter for purposes of illustration normally the data presentation would have been by computer printout. 

The operating concept of PFT NMR can be recognized by following the arrows in Fig. 2.34, going from pulse programmer via probehead and computer to plotter. 

The PFT NMR spectrum can then be recorded in analog or digital form by a plotter controlled by the computer. If the computer core memory allows, additional subroutines may be stored which automatically compute signal intensities and positions (in ppm values relative to some standard or in Hz) and outputs them to the printer. 

For the calculation of the Mw values, a computer simulation of the Zimm plot has been written in reverse Polish notation. Also, a plotter program was provided. We used a Hewlett-Packard 9810A calculator... 

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