X-y plotters

For the measurement of magnetisation in hysteresis-loop measurements, a search coil consisting of several-turn windings around a specimen is coimected to a fluxmeter whose output can be recoded on thejy-axis of an x,y plotter. The x-axis records the field strength of the primary coil around the specimen. The whole procedure can be done conveniendy in a hysteresigraph, whereby the induction is recorded automatically as the field is varied continuously. 

These biological materials were prepared for counting by freeze-drying and compressing into aluminum cans as described in the previous section. After counting, the spectra were printed out on an X-Y plotter for purposes of illustration normally the data presentation would have been by computer printout. 

In this type of calorimeter, the heat flows through a thermocouple, and then the voltage potential, produced by the thermocouple and which is proportional to the thermal power, is amplified and recorded in an x-y plotter (see Figure 6.3) [3,31,34,49], The concrete thermal effect produced is the integral heat of adsorption, which is measured with the help of the heat-flow calorimeter using the equation [50]... 

The home-made heat-flow calorimeter used consisted of a high vacuum line for adsorption measurements applying the volumetric method. This equipment comprised of a Pyrex glass, vacuum system including a sample holder, a dead volume, a dose volume, a U-tube manometer, and a thermostat (Figure 6.3). In the sample holder, the adsorbent (thermostated with 0.1% of temperature fluctuation) is in contact with a chromel-alumel thermocouple included in an amplifier circuit (amplification factor 10), and connected with an x-y plotter [3,31,34,49], The calibration of the calorimeter, that is, the determination of the constant, k, was performed using the data reported in the literature for the adsorption of NH3 at 300 K in a Na-X zeolite [51]. 

The specific power of rare earth permanent magnet motors can exceed 1 kW/kg. The combination of reliable, low-cost, solid-state controllers and brushless permanent magnet motors will find applications in (i) computer accessories like disk drives, printers, x-y plotters, (ii) consumer goods like hand tools, fans, and air-conditioners, (iii) robotics, traction motors, steel mills, lift motors, and (iv) aerospace flight control actuators. 

Display. The contents of the MCA memory (total counts in each channel) may be displayed visually as counts vs. channel number (= counts vs. x-ray energy) on a TV screen or by an X-Y plotter, or they may be recorded on printed tape, punched tape, or magnetic tape. 

Dynamic viscoelasticity. From the oscillatory rotation of the plate dynamic viscoelasticity was estimated with the same equipment. The maximum shear was 0.250, and the angular frequencies employed ranged from 5.82x10" to 5.82x10" rad/sec. The rotation angle of the plate and the twist of the cone were recorded with an X-Y plotter. From the hysteresis loop obtained the storage modulus or dynamic elasticity (G ) and the loss... 

The load, as measured by the load cell, and the displacement, as measured by the LVDT, were recorded simultaneously on a two-pen recorder at all times. In addition, load versus displacement or load versus strain gauge output were recorded on an X-Y plotter. 

Since deadtimes in this type of spectrometer are quite long ( 60 fis), the system must normally operate with deadtime losses in the 10 to 60% range. Consequently, most multichannel analyzers are equipped with an electronic means of deadtime correction, such that the observed spectrum represents the true number of photons arriving at the detector during the period of data accumulation. In addition to the ability to display the spectrum on a cathode-ray tube or television monitor, the analyzer can usually drive an X-Y plotter to produce a permanent copy. Alternatively, the contents of the analyzer memory can be printed as the number of counts in each channel, listed by channel number. Most quantitative fluorescence spectrometers include a personal computer with approximately 2-6 megabytes of memory plus some form of mass storage. In such a system the computer may control specimen presentation, the excitation conditions, and data accumulation in the multichannel analyzer. At the end of data acquisition for each specimen the computer analyzes the spectrum in the multichannel analyzer, computes the raw element intensities, corrects for interelement effects, and computes the concentration of each element. 

Figure 17.93 shows a C-scan, which is a representation of ultrasonic data where the scanning transducer has been moved to follow a rectilinear raster and the transducer position and amplitude of the signal are recorded on an X-Y plotter. Figure 17.94 depicts the damage incurred in the form of delamination by a cfrp laminate when impacted. 

During the test, a two-pen X-Y plotter recorded strain gage output as a function offload. Our procedure was to load cycle the specimen (strain rate, e = 3 x 10 s ) to 25 to 35% of its ultimate strength four times with high sensitivity settings on the plotter these data yielded the elastic parameters. We decreased the plotter sensitivity on the final loading cycle to record the fracture parameters. 

The preparation of the large number of a, log a, and it diagrams was facilitated by use of an X-Y plotter and a computer program compiled by Dr. C. C. Ross, Jr., Mathematics Department, Director of Academic Computing, University of the South (see Appendices A-2-A-4). It seemed best not to retouch the small discontinuities, which arise from tolerances in the computation program and plotter in these plots. 

Static experiment is performed under certain rotating speed with different loads, and the static equilibrium curve of the journal is plotted by a x-y plotter. 

The shear rate was gradually and uniformly increased using the integral Haake programming unit. The shear stress-shear rate curves were plotted using the integral x-y plotter. 

The displays of graphical instruments are required to record the variation of one quantity with respect to another. The most widely used axes ate function and time, usually referred to as y-t. Examples ate the display of a voltage waveform on an oscilloscope (Section III. A) or the recording of temperatnre variations in a manufacturing process (Section III.B). Some instruments are designed so that the variations of one qnantity with respect to another quantity may be recorded and these are referred to as x-y plotters. One particnlarly useful form of display in waveform analysis is the presentation of the amplitnde of the frequency components of a signal versns freqnency, an arrangement that is illustrated by the spectram analyser (see Fig. 55). 

An alternative method of obtaining a linear movement across the chart is to use a potential difference or potentio-metric system (Fig. 47). This provides a better accuracy than the moving-coil recorder, but in general can be used only to record signals whose frequency is below 2 Hz. It is very satisfactory for monitoring variables (e g., transducer outputs) in a process plant and forms the basis of marty X-Y plotters, an arrangement in which two poterrtiomet-ric systems are used, one to provide the X deflection and the other the Y deflection. 

In the case of static tension two extensometers with a measuring length of 245 mm attached to both faces of the specimen were used. The static test data, i.e. the load-deformation relationship and the load-cross-head displacement relationship were recorded on X-Y plotters. 

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