Plasticizer chain length

Spencer, R. D. The Dependence of Strength in Plastics upon Polymer Chain Length and Chain Orientation, /. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61, 555-563. 

Typically, soHd stabilizers utilize natural saturated fatty acid ligands with chain lengths of Cg—C g. Ziac stearate [557-05-1/, ziac neodecanoate [27253-29-8] calcium stearate [1592-23-0] barium stearate [6865-35-6] and cadmium laurate [2605-44-9] are some examples. To complete the package, the soHd products also contain other soHd additives such as polyols, antioxidants, and lubricants. Liquid stabilizers can make use of metal soaps of oleic acid, tall oil acids, 2-ethyl-hexanoic acid, octylphenol, and nonylphenol. Barium bis(nonylphenate) [41157-58-8] ziac 2-ethyIhexanoate [136-53-8], cadmium 2-ethyIhexanoate [2420-98-6], and overbased barium tallate [68855-79-8] are normally used ia the Hquid formulations along with solubilizers such as plasticizers, phosphites, and/or epoxidized oils. The majority of the Hquid barium—cadmium formulations rely on barium nonylphenate as the source of that metal. There are even some mixed metal stabilizers suppHed as pastes. The U.S. FDA approved calcium—zinc stabilizers are good examples because they contain a mixture of calcium stearate and ziac stearate suspended ia epoxidized soya oil. Table 4 shows examples of typical mixed metal stabilizers. 

DiisononylPhthalate andDiisodeeylPhthalate. These primary plasticizers are produced by esterification of 0x0 alcohols of carbon chain length nine and ten. The 0x0 alcohols are produced through the carbonylation of alkenes (olefins). The carbonylation process (eq. 3) adds a carbon unit to an alkene chain by reaction with carbon monoxide and hydrogen with heat, pressure, and catalyst. In this way a Cg alkene is carbonylated to yield a alcohol a alkene is carbonylated to produce a C q alcohol. Due to the distribution of the C=C double bond ia the alkene and the varyiag effectiveness of certain catalysts, the position of the added carbon atom can vary and an isomer distribution is generally created ia such a reaction the nature of this distribution depends on the reaction conditions. Consequendy these alcohols are termed iso-alcohols and the subsequent phthalates iso-phthalates, an unfortunate designation ia view of possible confusion with esters of isophthaUc acid. 

The product is a mistuie of various polyoxyethylene chain lengths (29—31). Glycol diesters ate used as vinyl plasticizers the monoesters as surface-active agents and viscosity modifiers for alkyd resins (qv). 

Alk l chain. The increase in the alkyl chain length and linearity improves the efficiency of the plasticizer and the low-temperature flexibility of the plasticized polymers. 

Acrylic is a generic name for derivatives of acrylic acid, of which methyl methacrylate is the most important. Polymerization is controlled to produce chain length of 800 to 3,000 monomer units. A small amount of plasticizer such as dibutyl phthalate may be added before bulk polymerization to assist in deep molding. The outstanding property of polymethyl metliacrylate is 0 transparency resistance to ultraviolet radiation from fluorescent lamps and ability to be... 

Coran and Patel [33] selected a series of TPEs based on different rubbers and thermoplastics. Three types of rubbers EPDM, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), and nitrile (NBR) were selected and the plastics include PP, PS, styrene acrylonitrile (SAN), and PA. It was shown that the ultimate mechanical properties such as stress at break, elongation, and the elastic recovery of these dynamically cured blends increased with the similarity of the rubber and plastic in respect to the critical surface tension for wetting and with the crystallinity of the plastic phase. Critical chain length of the rubber molecule, crystallinity of the hard phase (plastic), and the surface energy are a few of the parameters used in the analysis. Better results are obtained with a crystalline plastic material when the entanglement molecular length of the... 

MW is the sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule. It represents a measure of the chain length for the molecules that make up the polymer and in turn the plastic that influences processing performances to meet product performance (2). The MWD is basically the amount of component polymers that go to make up a polymer. Component polymers, in contrast, are a convenient term that recognizes the fact that all plastic materials comprise a mixture of different polymers of differing molecular weights. 

The liquefied plastic fraction is heated to over 400 °C. This leads to cracking of the plastic into components of different chain lengths. Gases count for 20%-30% and oils for 60%-70% they are separated by distillation. Any naphtha produced is treated in a steam cracker, resulting in monomers like ethylene and propylene that are recovered. Such monomers can be used to produce plastics again. The heavy fractions can be processed into synthesis gas or conversion coke and then be transferred for further use. At most 5% of the input is converted into a mineral fraction. It is likely that this consists mainly of the inorganic additives in plastics. 

Sodium-neutralized salts of montanic acid (e.g. Licomont NaV) are also effective nucleators for PET. Montanic wax consists of a mixture of straight-chain, saturated carboxylic acids with chain lengths in the range of 26 to 34 carbon atoms. The low volatility and high thermal stability of montanic acid waxes makes them a suitable nucleating agent for engineering plastics such as PET and PBT. 

Throughout the text we will relate polymer structure to the properties of the polymer. Polymer properties are related not only to the chemical nature of the polymer, but also to such factors as extent and distribution of crystallinity, distribution of polymer chain lengths, and nature and amount of additives, such as fillers, reinforcing agents, and plasticizers, to mention a few. These factors influence essentially all the polymeric properties to some extent including hardness, flammability, weatherability, chemical stability, biological response, comfort, flex life, moisture retention, appearance, dyeability, softening point, and electrical properties. 

The value of TMWV is dependent on the cohesive energy density (CED) of amorphous polymers, the extent of crystallinity in crystalline polymers, and the effect of reinforcements in polymeric composites. Thus, while a low molecular weight amorphous polymer may be satisfactory for use as a coating or adhesive, a chain length generally above 100 is often required if the polymer is to be used as an elastomer or plastic. 

Diffusion and permeability are inversely related to the density, degree of crystallinity, orientation, filler concentration, and cross-link density of a polymeric film. Generally, the presence of smaller molecules, such as plasticizers, increases the rate of diffusion in polymers since they are more mobile and can create holes or vacancies within the polymer. The rate of diffusion or permeability is fairly independent of polymer chain length just as long as the polymer has a moderately high chain length. 

When a plastic is broken by a sharp blow or cut, are polymer chains broken The important factors include the nature of the polymer, chain length, and arrangement of the chains. 

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