Plastic reinforced concrete

For efficient current distribution, steel-reinforced concrete walls should be provided at the wall entrance of pipes and at least 1 m around them and up to the soil surface with at least 2 mm thick electrically insulating layers of plastic or bitumen. This is also recommended if the pipelines are laid in soil parallel to steel-reinforced concrete foundations and the closest spacing is smaller than twice the pipe diameter or smaller than 0.5 m [2]. 

Plastics provide different performance requirement in providing protective liners in many different applications such as building foundations, pipe and tank liners containing corrosive liquids, etc. As an example Fig. 4-13 shows an RP stack liner being inspected prior to installation in a 682 ft. high reinforced concrete chimney (background) of the 1,500-megawatt Intermountain Power Project near Delta, Utah (1985). 

Fiber-reinforced plastics differ from many other materials because they combine two essentially different materials of fibers and a plastic into a single composite. In this way they are somewhat analogous to reinforced concrete, that combines concrete and steel. However, in the RPs the fibers are generally much more evenly distributed throughout the... 

The main value of the counterforce technique is that it requires only half the explosive needed to accomplish the same result using standard formulas and placement. For example, a 14 inch diameter timber which requires 3% pounds of plastic explosive to cut conventionally can be sheared in two with counterforce charges of % pound each. Reinforced concrete piers 2 feet by 2 feet which can be broken conventionally by 17 pounds of explosive can be broken by counterforce charges of 4 pounds each. 

For facilities susceptible to the contamination of nitroglycerin liquids and vapors, basic construction materials of wood framing, reinforced concrete, fiberglass reinforced plastic, and sandwich panels were chosen for development of architectural details incorporating lead conductive floor lining, equipment doors, personnel escape chutes and doors, ceiling and wall interfaces, interior finishes, joint sealing, door and wall louvers, wall vents, wall penetrations, and fixed windows. 

For facilities susceptible to nitrocellulose, single base and multibase dusts, the same details could be used with the addition of alternate basic construction types. Six types of construction were chosen which included wood frame, concrete masonry units, reinforced concrete, modified preengineered buildings, fiberglass reinforced plastic and sandwich panels. These were chosen for development of architectural details similar to those mentioned above for nitroglycerin facilities except troweled-on conductive floor lining was to be used instead of lead. 

Connections must be sized to transfer computed reaction forces and to assure that plastic hinges can be maintained in the assumed locations. For reinforced concrete design, splices and development lengths are provided for the full yield capacities of reinforcing. For structural steel design, connections are designed for a capacity somewhat greater than that of its supported member. Further information is provided in later sections of this chapter. Typical connection details are provided in Chapter 8. 

The primary failure mechanisms encountered in reinforced concrete buildings arc flexure, diagonal tension, and direct shear. Of these three mechanisms,. flexure is preferred under blast loading because an extended plastic response is provider prior to failure. To assure a ductile response, sections are designed so that the flexural capacity is less than the capacity of non-ductile mechanisms. 

The details discussed or illustrated in this chapter are some of those that have been found to be cost effective and easily constructed. Structural steel connections are designed to move plastic hinge formation away from the connection and into the member. Reinforced concrete connections must provide full development of reinforcing with ties to permit extended plastic deformations, The design details included are not intended to limit the use of alternate designs. 

Materials acceptable for underground piping use include ductile iron, fiberglass-reinforced epoxy plastic, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, reinforced concrete, and carbon steel. Plastic pipes are not acceptable in areas subject to solvent exposure. 

REINFORCED PLASTICS. Reinforced plastics are commonly referred to as composites or, more specifically, polymer composites, Not all composites are reinforced plastics ceramic/metal-matrix composites and concrete are good examples of nonpolymeric composites. Reinforced plastics are also referred to RP, FRP (fiberglass-reinforced plastic), and GRP (glass-reinforced plastic) interchangeably. 

Initial Investment Can be built with less expensive materials like wood, asbestos-cement board and plastic imaterials. Fan cost is higher. Built with relatively expensive materials such as prestressed, precast and reinforced concrete and asbestos-cement for fill. 

What do bamboo stalks, mud bricks, steel-belted radial tires, fiberglass fishing rods, reinforced concrete, and the heat tiles on a space shuttle have in common The answer is that these materials are all composites. A composite is a material consisting of two or more components with overall properties different from and superior to either or any one of the individual components. For example, many pleasure boats today have hulls made of a composite material called reinforced plastic that contains glass, plastic, carbon, or some other type of fiber embedded in plastic. The composite material is stronger, more durable, and less dense than the fibers or plastics of which it is made. 

The electroforming process is used for the production of single or low numbers of cavities, as opposed to others requiring many cavities. The process deposits metal on a master in a plating bath. Many proprietary processes exist. The master can be constructed of such materials as plastic, reinforced plastic, plaster, or concrete that is coated with silver to provide a conductive coating. The coated master is placed in a plating tank and nickel or nickel-cobalt is deposited to the desired thickness of up to about 0.64 cm (0.25 in.). With this method, a hardness of up to 46 RC is obtainable. To reinforce the nickel shell it is backed up with different materials (copper, plastic, etc.) to meet different applications. A sufficient thickness of copper allows for machining a flat surface to enable the cavity to be mounted into a cavity pocket. 

Process piping-carbon steel, alloy, cast iron, lead, lined, aluminum, copper, ceramic, plastic, rubber, reinforced concrete Pipe hangers, fittings, valves Insulation-piping, equipment... 

Materials of construction for the coohng tower are often treated or untreated fir or redwood construction with the exception of the hyperbolic towers that are of reinforced concrete. Plastics and reinforced fiberglass have been used but there are temperature hmitations on these materials. 

Polymer modified lightweight cement mortar (PLCM) with plastics waste as aggregate is widely used as substrate mortar layer on the reinforced concrete wall for external ceramic wall tile installations instead of the ordinary cement mortar conventionally used. The reasons that this mortar is popularly used in building site are it s own lightweight and excellent workability for troweling. 

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