Steel Structures Design

Salmon, C.G. and Johnson, J.E., Steel Structures-Design and Behavior, Intext Educational Publishers, Scranton, Pa., 1971 (U)... 

In structural design in the context of civil engineering, there are three construction materials that are dominant steel, reinforced concrete, and timber. Each has its own design specifications. Thus, steel structure design, reinforced-concrete structure design, and timber structure design are three main design disciplines. 

Structural Engineering Area Structural engineering is the earliest developed civil engineering technical specialty area. It has the most undergraduate courses to offer. Beyond the engineering mechanics courses and the mechanics of materials, there are Structural Analysis, Reinforced Concrete Structures Design, and Steel Structures Design. 

The headframe is an open steel structure design to suit a tower mounted friction hoist arrangement. The prevailing climatic and environmental conditions for the site allow the headframe and independent skyshaft structures to be to be essentially open to the elements and do not need to be completely enclosed to remain functional. The site is classified as semi-arid tropical environment with climatic conditions stated as follows ... 

Kindmaim R, Kraus M (2011) Steel structures - design using EEM. Ernst Sohn, Berlin... 

The toughness of wood is important in design for exactly the same reasons that that of steel is it determines whether a structure (a frame building, a pit prop, the mast of a yacht) will fail suddenly and unexpectedly by the propagation of a fast crack. In a steel structure the initial crack is that of a defective weld, or is formed by corrosion or fatigue in a wooden structure the initial defect may be a knot, or a saw cut, or cell damage caused by severe mishandling. 

No one steel exceeds the tensile modulus of mild steel. Therefore, in applications in which rigidity is a limiting factor for design (e.g., for storage tanks and distillation columns), high-strength steels have no advantage over mild steel. Stress concentrations in mild steel structures are relieved by plastic flow and are not as critical in other, less-ductile steels. 

AISC specifications for the design fabrication and erection of structural steel for buildings shall govern the design of these steel structures (for AISC specifications, see the current edition of Steel Construction Manual of the American Institute of Steel Construction). Only Part I of the AISC manual, the portion commonly referred to as elastic design, shall be used in determining allowable unit stresses use of Part II, which is commonly referred to as plastic... 

Structural Steels. Structures shall conform to sections of the AISC Specifications for the Design, Fabrication and Erection of Structural Steel Buildings."... 

Figure 4-141. Steel tooth bit cutting structure design [44]. (Courtesy SPE.)...

Evidently, therefore, correct design can play an important part in reducing the corrosion of steel structures through lessening the danger of local attack due to mass metal effects and condensation. 

In all blast-resistant structures (steel, concrete, or masonry) special attention should be given to the integrity of connections between structural elements up to the point of maximum response. For example, it is important to prevent premature brittle failure of welded connections to avoid stress concentrations or notches at joints in steel structures and to provide ductile reinforcement detailing in concrete/masonry structure connections. For all materials, it is recommended that connections be designed to be stronger than the connected structural members such that the more ductile member will govern the design over the more brittle connection. 

Healey, et al. Design of Steel Structures to Resist the Effects of HE Explosions. Prepared for Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, NJ Amman and Whitney, 1975. 

Correct structural design of vessels, piping, steel work. 

For steel, the modulus of elasticity is the same in the elastic region and yield plateau for static and dynamic response. In the strain hardening region the slope of the stress-strain curve is different for static and dynamic response, although this difference is not important for most structural design applications. 

AISI 1991, Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members, American Iron and Steel Institute, New York, NY, 1991... 

With aflame length of 13.9 m, the jet flame will impinge on the steel structure overhead. Consequently, the steel will see high convective and radiative heat fluxes on the order of 200 kW/m. Since the structure will be exposed to direct flame impingement, the expected failure time would be 3-4 minutes (Table 5-7) or less due to the high heat flux from the jet fire, depending on the type of steel structure and design factor of safety. 

Demolition Clam. A small plastic case designed to hold approx 0.5 lb of plastic HE. Another design of the demolition clam w/o case consists of a ret angular block of PEX (1.7 lb) provided with 4 permanent magnets and connections for 2 delay-type firing devices. The demolition clam is used to destroy steel structures such as gasoline storage tanks, pipe lines, vehicles, etc (Refs 1 2)... 

Crete is stressed in tension. Although the tensile strength of concrete-polymer is higher by a factor of 4 than that of concrete, it is still relatively low compared with that of steel. Standard tests on reinforcing bars in which a 1-inch diameter steel rod is pulled out of a 6-inch diameter concrete cylinder indicated that the force needed to pull the bar from a concrete-polymer cylinder was three times the force required for a cylinder of ordinary concrete. This greatly improved bond strength between concrete-polymer and steel is important in concrete structural design. 

Section 6.5 because of the detailed design information now available. The costing was done in accordance with the recommendations of Mu let, Corripio and Evans (Ref. Al 3). Their method utilizes correlations for the cost of a simple carbon-steel structure. Factors are then applied to account for the cost of other materials, the inclusion of trays, for operating pressure, and for incidentals such as ladders and railings. The cooling circuit was costed on the basis of heat-transfer area using similar correlations. Details of the cost estimation calculations are included in Appendix G.5. 

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