Plasmodium falciparum merozoites

Sowa, A., Kordai M.P., Cavanagh, D.R., et al. (2001). Isolation of a monoclonal antibody from a malaria patient-derived phage display library recognising the Block 2 region of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 112, 143-147. 

Perkins, M. E. (1984). Surface proteins of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites binding to the erythrocyte receptor, glycophorin. J. Exp. Med. 160,788-798. 

Aikawa, M., Torii, M., Sjdlander, A., Berzins, K., Perlman, P. and Miller, L. H. (1990) Pfl55/RESA antigen is localized in dense granules of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites. Exp. Parasitol. 71 326-329. 

Lei H, Chen L, Li X et al. (2004) The preparation of catalytically active papain immobilized on magnetic composite microspheres. Enzyme Microb Technol 35 15-21 Lioy E, Suarez J, Guzman F et al. (2001) Synthesis, biologictil, tind immunologictil properties of cyclic peptides from Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1. Angewtind Chem Intemat Ed 40(14) 2631-2635... 

El Moudni, B, Philippe, M, Monsigny, M and Schrevel, J (1993) N-acetylglucosamine-binding proteins on Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface. Glycohiology 3 305-12. 

Perkins, M. E., and Rocco, L. J., 1988, Sialic acid-dependent binding of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface antigen, Pf200, to human erythrocytes, J. Immunol. 141 3190-3196. 

Lougovskoi, A.A., Okoyeh, N.J., and Chauhan, V.S. (1999) Mice immunised with synthetic peptide from N-terminal conserved region of merozoite surface antigen-2 of human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum can control infection induced by Plasmodium yoeliiyoelii 265BY strain. Vaccine 18(9-10), 920-930. 

Hossain ME, Dhawan S, Mohmmed A (2012) The cysteine-rich regions of Plasmodium falciparum RON2 bind with host erythrocyte and AMA1 during merozoite invasion. Parasitol Res 110(5) 1711- 1721... 

Sporozoites enter liver cells where they develop into schizonts which form large numbers of merozoites which, usually after 5-16 days but sometimes after months or years, are released into the circulation. Plasmodium falciparum differs in that it has no persistent hepatic cycle. 

Recently, muramyldlpeptides proved to be effective in experimental malaria vaccination of primates which has hitherto depended on the use of CFA. Thus, a significant degree of protective immunity was Induced in aotus monkeys 2 and in macaques 3 by Plasmodium falciparum or P. knowlesi merozoites in mineral-oil emulsion supplemented with MDP (] ) or Nor-MDP ( ), respectively. Full protection against P. falciparum in aotus monkeys was achieved by immunization with mature segmenters mixed with 6-0-stearoyl-MDP (13) and liposomes. 4... 

MALARIA is a disease mostly in tropical areas, where it is a major medical problem. Malaria is caused by a parasitic protozoa of the genus Plasmodium and is transferred when an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles bites a person and Plasmodium sporozoites enter the blood, where they first reach the liver and develop into merozoites over a period of 5-7 days without giving any symptoms. Then the immature merozoites penetrate the red blood corpuscles, where they divide asexually to form merozoites. When this process is complete, the blood corpuscles rupture and the merozoites enter the blood plasma. The rupture of the erythrocyte membrane provokes a fever, which occurs every second day after infection with Plasmodium vivax, every third after infection with Plasmodium malaria after infection with the severe Plasmodium falciparum fever is more irregular, because the parasites of this species do not develop simultaneously. 

Among the fungal and protozoal lectins only a few have been studied in detail. One of these is the galactose-specific lectin of the protozoa Entamoeba histolytica. It mediates adhesion of the parasite to human colonic mucin glycoproteins and has a central role in the contact-dependent cytolysis or histolysis for which the parasite is named. A sialic-acid-speeific lectin has been isolated from merozoites of the human malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. An unusual lectin is that of the protozoan Giardia lamblia, specific for mannose-6-phosphate, which is activated by trypsinization. 

Bannister, L. H., Hopkins, J. M., Dluzewski, A. R., Margos, G., Williams, I. T., Blackman, M. J., Kocken, C. H., Thomas, A. W., and Mitchell, G. H. (2003). Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen 1 (PfAMA-1) is translocated within micronemes along subpellicular microtubules during merozoite development.. Cell Sci. 116,3825-3834. 

Blisnick, T., Vincensini, L., Fall, G., and Braun-Breton, C. (2006). Protein phosphatase 1, a Plasmodium falciparum essential enzyme, is exported to the host cell and implicated in the release of infectious merozoites. Cell Microbiol. 8, 591-601. 

Camus, D., and Hadley, T. J. (1985). A Plasmodium falciparum antigen that binds to host erythrocytes and merozoites. Science 230, 553-556. 

Kilejian, A. (1980). Stage-specific proteins and glycoproteins of Plasmodium falciparum Identification of antigens unique to schizonts and merozoites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 3695-3699. 

Pasvol, G. (1984). Receptors on red cells for Plasmodium falciparum and their interaction with merozoites. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Land. B Biol. Sci. 307,189-200. 

Perkins, M. (1982). Surface proteins of schizont-infected erythrocytes and merozoites of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 5,55-64. 

P. falciparum cultivated in vitro incorporates free fatty acids (FFA) into the major PhL species and other complex lipids (42,43). Infected erythrocytes contain significantly higher acyl-CoA synthetase activity than normal erythrocytes (44). Although Plasmodium fatty acid transfer proteins have not been described, the surface of P. falciparum merozoites shows a 75 kDa heat shock protein cognate, which are known to bind fatty acids (2). 

Fleck SL, Birdsall B, Babon J, Dluzewski AR, Martin SR, Morgan WD, Angov E, Kettleborough CA, Feeney J, Blackman MJ, Holder AA, Suramin and suramin analogues inhibit merozoite surface protein-1 secondary processing and erythrocyte invasion by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, J. Biol. Chem. 2003 278 47670-47677. 

P. Gerold, L. Schofield, M. J. Blackman, A. A. Holder R. T. Schwarz. Structural analysis of the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol membrane anchor of the merozoite surface proteins-1 and -2 of Plasmodium falciparum. Mo Biochem Parasitol, 1996, 75, 131 143. 

Over 100 Plasmodium species contribute to the spread of malaria, but only four of these (P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae) account for human infection, the deadliest being P. falciparum. The malaria life cycle exists first in a mosquito, and then it passes to a human host. An infected female Anopholes mosquito is the host of the parasite s sporogonic hfe cycle. Mature P. falciparum sporozoites reach the salivary glands of the mosquito, and the parasite is transmitted to a human host when the mosquito feeds. During this blood meal, sporozoites are released into the bloodstream where they penetrate hepatic cells and mature into schizonts. The liver cells rupture after approximately two weeks, discharging merozoites into the bloodstream whereupon they infect red blood cells (RBCs). Every 48 to 78 hours, mature merozoites rupture from... 

Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium, four species of which infect humans. P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale) (48,49). The disease is initiated when infective sporozoites are injected into the human host during feeding by an infected mosquito. The sporozoites enter parenchymal cells of the liver within minutes where they multiply asexually into merozoites. After development for 6-16 days, depending on the species, merozoites are released from the hepatic cells into the peripheral blood where they quickly bind to and invade erythrocytes. This initiates the cycle of erythrocytic schizogony in... 

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