Binding dependency

Acquired resistance has been observed by constitutive upregulation of mdr efflux pump expression due to a mutation inactivating a respective repressor or inducibly, caused by molecules transiently inactivating repressor molecules upon binding. Depending upon the substrate spectra of the respective subset of efflux pumps upregulated, a multiple drug resistance (mdr) phenotype is expressed, which in combination with a specific resistance mechanism can contribute to a clinically relevant level of resistance. 

Another example is a recently discovered second mode of action by which nuclear receptors modulate transcription. In contrast to DNA-binding-dependent mechanisms, cross talk refers here to gene regulation by protein-protein-interaction of nuclear receptors with other transcription factors, such as AP-1 or NF-kB. Consequently, the nuclear receptor acts as a corepressor or coactivator of transcription. 

Thus P, and hence the extent of the ion binding, depends both on the volume concentration of the polyion, 0, and the charge density, Q. The consequences of these equations, are not easy to see, because they cannot... 

The extent of ion binding depends on a number of characteristics of the polyion degree of dissodation, acid strength, conformation, distribution of ionizable groups and cooperative action between these groups (Wilson Crisp, 1977 Oosawa, 1971 Harris Rice, 1954, 1957). The hydration state of the macromolecule, which is in turn dependent on conformation, also affects ion binding (Begala, 1971). 

Berezovska, O., Jack, C., McLean, P., Aster, J. C., Hicks, C., Xia, W., Wolfe, M. S., Weinmaster, G., Selkoe, D. J. and Hyman, B. T. (2000). Rapid Notch 1 nuclear translocation after ligand binding depends on presenilin-associated gamma-secretase activity. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 

Voegel JJ, Heine MJ, Tini M, Vivat V, Chambon P, Gronemeyer H (1998) The coactivator TIE2 contains three nuclear receptor-binding motifs and mediates transactivation through CBP binding-dependent and -independent pathways. EMBO J 17 507-519... 

When the creation of long-term memories— repeated stimulations interrupted by rest periods—was simulated in this preparation by repeated pulses of serotonin, anatomical changes occurred. Specifically, new synaptic connections were created. It is likely that there are two underlying components to formation of new synaptic connections. One is local protein synthesis in the nerve terminal and the other is CREB (cAMP response element binding) dependent transcription in the neuronal nucleus. Of course, serotoiun pulses also stimulated the release of glutamate. So now the question is how repeated pulses of serotonin are related to protein synthesis and formation of new synapses. 

Molecules (chemoattractants) that stimulate neutrophil-directed migration (chemotaxis) bind to distinct receptors on neutrophil plasma membranes (discussed in Chapter 38 of this text). Within seconds after chemoattractant binding, neutrophils exhibit rapid oscillations in actin polymerization and depolymerization (12,13). The shape changes accompanying chemoattractant binding depend on the duration and extent of F-actin polymerization (3). These quantitative studies of F-actin content were performed utilizing a flow cytometric assay that detects the fluorescence intensity of individual, fixed, permeabihzed cells that have been stained with F-actin-specific, fluorescent phallotoxins (14,15). 

Figure 5.12 Receptor-mediated endocytosis of the LDL particle. The specificity of binding depends upon two proteins that are components of the LDL particle, apolipoprotein E and apolipoprotein B (Chapter 11).

What is the effect of d orbitals on the binding energy It is known that transition metals bind hydrogen in two different ways (1) as an intact molecule (39) or (2) as the insertion product (40). The common explanation is that the type of binding depends upon the nature of M, i.e., its ability to back-donate electrons from filled... 

The substrates used for DNA immobihsation can be, at the level of the AFM analysis, either rigid (e.g., glass) or flexible (e.g., polymers). An atomically flat surface is preferable, but sometimes this is difficult to achieve. The DNA immobilisation mechanisms can be (i) physio-sorption, (ii) charge complementarity and (iii) covalent binding. Depending on the actual objective of the AFM study, each combination of the surface-immobilisation mechanism has both benefits and drawbacks. 

Schematic diagram explaining autogenous inhibition by LI. LI can form a complex either with the 5 end of its own mRNA or with 23S rRNA. If there is an excess of LI over the available 23S rRNA, then LI binds to the 5 end of the mRNA and inhibits both LI and Lll synthesis. The inhibition of LI translation by this binding depends on the fact that the translation of LI and Lll is somehow coupled.

K. Balakrishnan, S. Q. Mehdi, and H. M. McConnell, Availability of dinitrophenylated lipid haptens for specific antibody binding depends on the physical properties of host bilayer membranes, J. Biol. 

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