Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite

Roth EF Jr, Calvin MC, Max-Audit I et al (1988) The enzymes of the glycolytic pathway in erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites. Blood 72(6) 1922-1925... 

Qinghao (Sweet Wormwood) is the dried aerial parts of the herb Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae family), which has been used in China for centuries to treat fever and malaria. Artemisinin (Nl) (Qing Hao Su) (128), the active principle, directly kills Plasmodium falciparum (malaria parasites) with little toxicity to animals and humans. Thus, it is a clinically effective, safe, and rapid antimalarial agent (129, 130). The novel endo-peroxide link is essential for the antimalarial activity. 

Blackall, D. P., Armstrong, J. K., Meiselman, H. J., and Fisher, T. C. (2001). Polyethylene glycol-coated red blood cells fail to bind glycophorin A-specific antibodies and are impervious to invasion by the Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite. Blood 97,551-556. 

Mitchell, G. H., Hadley, T. J., McGinniss, M. H., Klotz, F. W., and Miller, L. H. (1986). Invasion of erythrocytes by Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites Evidence for receptor heterogeneity and two receptors. Blood 67,1519-1521. 

Taraschi, T. F., O Donnell, M., Martinez, S., Schneider, T., Trelka, D., Fowler, V. M., Tilley, L., and Moriyama, Y. (2003). Generation of an erythrocyte vesicle transport system by Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites. Blood 102, 3420-3426. 

Very recently elisapterosin A (30) [18, 19] was found to exhibit strong antiplasmodial activity (IC5010 pg/ml) against Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite responsible for the most severe forms of malaria. 

T3. Targett, G. A. T., Antibody response to Plasmodium falciparum malaria comparisons of immunoglobulin concentrations. Antibody litres and the antigenicity of different asexual forms of the parasite. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 7, 501-517 (1970). 

Many pathogenic protozoa. Including Trypanosoma brucei (trypanosomiasis or African sleeping sickness), Plasmodium falciparum (malaria), Leishmania species (leishmaniasis), and the intestinal parasites Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica, depend on farnesylated proteins for growth... 

In an attempt to increase efficacy in therapy, the production of bivalent or multivalent species by linking subunits (non-covalently, covalently, or by disulfide bonds) has been proposed. For example, a bispecific single-chain antibody fragment has been investigated for malaria therapy. This is a combination of two scFv, one directed against the CD3 molecule on human T lymphocytes, and the other against an epitope of a surface protein of Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite which causes malaria [8]. 

Perch M, Kofoed P, Fischer TK, Co F, Rombo L, Aaby P, et al. Serum levels of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor is associated with parasitemia in children with acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection. Parasite Immunol 2004 26(5) 207-211. 

A number of histidine analogues, including 2-azido-L-histidine (201), have been evaluated by the NIH as part of a programme directed towards the development of new antimalarials for the prophylaxis and treatment of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria [261]. Asexual P. falciparum parasites have a much higher histidine content than mammalian cells, and several histidine-rich proteins are thought to be functionally important in... 

Homoharringtonine has been investigated in the treatment of malaria (166). It was found to cause 50% growth inhibition in two strains of chloro-quine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in vitro. In mice infected with P. yoelii, homoharringtonine also inhibited parasite growth. In a similar study, in vitro antimalarial activity of cephalotaxine, homoharringtonine. 

David, P. H., Hommel, M., Miller, L. H., Udeinya, I. J., and Oligino, L. D. (1983). Parasite sequestration in Plasmodium falciparum malaria Spleen and antibody modulation of cytoadherence of infected erythrocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80,5075-5079. 

Upston, J. M., and Gero, A. M. (1995). Parasite-induced permeation of nucleosides in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1236,249-258. 

Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine is an antimalarial preparation. The two components sequentially block two enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of folinic acid within the parasites. It is indicated in the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria for those patients in whom chloroquine resistance is suspected and as prophylaxis of malaria for travelers to areas where chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum malaria is endemic. 

The causal organisms responsible for malaria belong to the genus plasmodium which is of the class of protozoa known as sporozoa. There are four different species which are accepted as being responsible for human malaria. These are Plasmodium malariae, the parasite of quartan malaria Plasmodium vivax, the parasite of benign tertian malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite of malignant or sub tertian malaria, and Plasmodium ovale, the parasite that causes a mild type of tertian malaria. 

It has been demonstrated that the N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine is effective in inhibiting test-tube growth of Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite that causes malaria [49]. It has the same effect on related types of single-celled parasites such as Toxoplasma and Cryptosporidium that cause opportunistic infections in AIDS patiens [50],... 

In 342 children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria who were randomly assigned to artesunatemefloquine or mefloquine alone all the children recovered clinically with similar fever clearance times [13. Parasite clearance was significantly faster in those who took the combination. Gameto-cyte carriage rates and drug-attributable reductions in hematocrit were significantly lower with the combination. Most of the adverse events were attributable to malaria. 

Malaria is transmitted by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito, one of the few species of the insect capable of carrying the human malaria parasite. The responsible protozoa ate from the genus P/asmodium of which only four of some 100 species can cause the disease in humans. The remaining species affect rodents, reptiles, monkeys, birds, and Hvestock. The species that infect humans are P/asmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale. Note that concomitant multiple malaria infections are commonly seen in endemic areas, a phenomenon that further compHcates choice of treatment. 

Malaria remains a major public health problem in many parts of the world, including Southeast Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America where an estimated 300-500 million people are infected. 1-3 million die of malaria every year. The etiologic agents of malaria are protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. Of the four pathogens that can cause malaria in humans (Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale,... 

Inhibitors for proteases plasmepsin I and II of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, with a good plasmepsin/human protease cathepsin D selectivity, have been identified via library construction involving rapid microwave-accelerated Suzuki reactions [57]. The phenyl ring of the biphenyl unit in the lead compound M-((lS)-l- [((lS,2S)-3- [(lS)-2-amino-l-(4-phenyl-benzyl)-2-oxoethyl]amino -2-hydroxy-l-phenoxypropyl)amino]carbonyl -2-methylpropyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide has been altered by performing Suzuki reactions on N-((lS)-l- [((lS,2S)-3- [(lS)-2-amino-l-(4-bromobenzyl)-2-oxoethyl]amino -2-hydroxy-l-phenoxypropyl)amino]carbonyl -2-methyl-propyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide (Scheme 37). In particular, a 2-benzofuryl moiety proved to be interesting since a Ki value of 13 nM for plasmepsin I and... 

Bfx and Fx derivatives have been evaluated against the parasites Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), which is responsible for American Trypanosomiasis and Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) responsible for Malaria. 

Gardner, M. J. et al. Genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 2002, 419, 498-511. 

Francis, S. Sullivan, D. J. Goldberg, D. E. Hemoglobin metabolism in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 1997, 51, 97-123. 

Gardner M), Tettelin H, Carucci DJ et al. Chromosome 2 sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Science 1998 282[5391] 1126 1132. Hoffman SL, Rogers WO, Carucci DJ, Venter JC. From genomics to vaccines malaria as a model system. Nature Med 1998 4[12] 1351—1353. 

Malaria is still one of the world s most devastating infectious diseases. An estimated 270 million people are affected by the parasite every year, and close to 2 million children die. The most deadly species, Plasmodium falciparum, has become widely resistant to most of the available antimalarial drugs such as quinolines. 

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