Plasma technical applications

A brief description of a low-density non-equilibrium plasma is given followed by a review of its characteristic features and of tire relevant collisionprocesses in tire plasma. Principles for tire generation of plasmas in teclmical devices are discussed and examples of important plasma chemical processes and tlieir technical applications are presented. 

High plasma concentrations can cause CNS excitation and depression (dizziness, tinnitus, drowsiness, disorientation, muscle twitching, seizures, and respiratory arrest). Cardiovascular effects include myocardial depression and other effects. Skillful technical application, frequent administration, and specialized follow-up procedures are required. 

Deposition of copper metal Since Cu(II) is the preferred oxidation state of copper, Cu2+ salts are more stable and more available, hence, in a technical application it would be favorable to use them as starting material. We tried to reduce Cu(CF3S03)2 dissolved in [EMIM][TfO], [BMP][TfO] and [BMIM][TfO] with an argon plasma (gas pressure 100 Pa) as well as with a nitrogen plasma (100 Pa), respectively. Additional experiments with Cu(CF3SC>3)2 dissolved in [EMIM][TfO] and Ar/H2 plasmas were carried out, with the distance between the hollow cathode in the gas phase and the surface of the ionic liquid metal salt solution being 3, 45 and 100 mm. Moreover, for the 3 mm distance several experiments with different gas pressures from 50 to 500 Pa were carried out. 

Currently only a few exploratory experimental studies have been reported, and much work has still to be done in order to explore fully the properties and characteristics of plasma ionic liquid interfaces. Currently it is still too early to comment if technical applications will be found. From the economic point of view, both ionic liquids and plasmas are comparatively expensive media, therefore only applications which show significant advantages compared to more conventional routes will be successful. 

Cells are grown either in suspension in a free or immobilized form 102), or by adherence to a solid surface 100). Materials used for promoting surface-dependent cell growth are glasses, metals, plastics, carbohydrate polymers etc. the media used contain substances such as blood plasma, amniotic fluids, tissue extracts, etc.103). Recent developments in animal cell culture are aimed at the improvement of strains and culture techniques, medium optimization, and scale-up. In contrast to plant cell culture, animal cell culture has already found its technical application. Large-scale... 

Membranes play an important role in natural science and for many technical applications. Depending on their purpose, their shape can be very different. For instance, membranes include porous or non-porous films, either supported or non-supported, with two interfaces surrounded by a gas or by a liquid. Important properties of non-porous membranes are their permeability for certain compounds and their stability. In biological cells their main task is to stabilize the cell and to separate the cell plasma from the environment. Furthermore, different cells and cell compartments have to communicate with each other which requires selective permeability of the membranes. For industrial applications membranes are often used for separation of gases, liquids, or ions. Foams and emulsions for instance are macroscopic composite systems consisting of many membranes. They contain the continuous liquid phase surrounded by the dispersed gas phase (foams) or by another liquid (emulsions). Beside these application possibilities membranes give the opportunity to investigate many questions related to basic research, e.g. finite size effects. 

We observe that removal of oxygen from the Cu-O plane destroys Tc and that these changes in Tc and oxygen content are completely reversible. We show that superconductivity can be restored in these materials by annealing them at temperatures of 500°C in an oxygen ambient or at low temperatures by a plasma oxidation. This novel low temperature technique could be very useful for the technical application of these materials, as well as for the synthesis of new metastable phases (i.e. rich in oxygen content) that cannot be made via high temperature solid state reactions. 

The interaction between plasma and surrounding walls plays an important role in almost all kinds of plasmas, including low-temperature plasmas for technical applications and high-temperature plasmas for fusion research. Many of the underlying fundamental processes are only partly examined, and details of the interactions of the plasma particles with solid surfaces (substrate, walls) are very often unknown. The main constituents of a plasma, e.g., electrons, ions, neutrals. 

In most devices a group of materials is involved in order to realize different functions. Isotropic etch processes are mainly marked by high selectivity. But, the majority of materials used in different technical applications now demand the adaptation of etch baths and plasma procedures for the realization of new selectiv-ities. The protection of materials is of particular importance in the case of very thin films and small features. Selectivity also becomes important in the case of integration of a diversity of sensors and actuators consisting of different materials. This is the case, for example, in micro- and nanofluidic devices equipped with special micropattemed transducers. 

Polypropylene (PP) is, besides polyesters, one of the most widely used polymers for producing synthetic fibres, especially for technical applications. PP fibres are mostly used in different technical fields due to their excellent mechanical properties, high chemical stability and processability. However, because of low surface energy, lack of reactive sites and sensitivity to photo- or thermal oxidation the polymer properties are insufficient for some applications. Therefore, several techniques for fibre modification have been reported, e.g. plasma treatment, chemical modification and nanomodification, i.e. production of nanocoated and nanofilled materials. 

A.M. Dorodnov, Technical applications of plasma accelerators, Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 

The applications specified above have been demonstrated elsewhere [1,2,3] on the base of some research results obtained in the Plasma Technologies Environmental Protection Group (PTEP) of the Lodz Technical University. One of the most important applications is the plasma vitrification combined with waste incineration. This gives no postincineration residues and makes the system friendly to the environment. Two general technical solutions of this approach are here considered. 

The biological applications of NMR include the study of the structure of macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids and the study of membranes, and enzymic reactions. Newer methods and instruments have overcome, to a large extent, the technical difficulties encountered with aqueous samples and the analysis of body fluids is possible, permitting the determination of both the content and concentration of many metabolites in urine and plasma. NMR is not a very sensitive technique and it is often necessary to concentrate the sample either by freeze drying and dissolving in a smaller volume cm- by solid phase extraction methods. 

Michalke, B. (2005). Capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry a report on technical principles and problem solutions, potential, and limitations of this technology as well as on examples of application. Electrophoresis 26, 1584—1597. 

Plasma torch—based applications for waste treatments include fly ash from incineration processes, asbestos-containing waste, sanitary waste, waste containing organo-halogenated compounds, low-level radioactive waste, and even traditional RDF. In particular, plasma applications represent a very interesting technical solution for the treatment of fly ash from MSW/RDF incineration because the solid by-product, with its extremely low tendency to leaching, can be disposed off as a... 

E. H. Evans, J. B. Truscott, L. Bromley, P. Jones, J. Turner, B. E. Fairman, in R. W. Morrow, J. S. Crain (Eds), Applications of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry to Radionuclide Determinations, ASTM Special Technical Publication, 1344 (1998), 79-88. 

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