Plasma glucose concentrations

Symptoms of diabetes plus a casual plasma glucose concentration greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L). Casual is defined as any time of day without regard to time since last meal. The classic symptoms of diabetes include polyuria, polydipsia, and unexplained weight loss. 

Symptoms of diabetes plus casual plasma glucose concentration >200 mg/dL (I l.l mmo L) or... 

First-line therapy includes nutritional and exercise interventions for all women, and caloric restrictions for obese women. If nutritional intervention fails to achieve fasting plasma glucose levels less than or equal to 105 mg/dL, 1-hour post-prandial plasma glucose concentrations less than or equal to 155 mg/dL, or 2-hour postprandial levels less than or equal to 130 mg/dL, then therapy with recombinant human insulin should be instituted glyburide may be considered after 11 weeks of gestation. 

Classification Source Diagnostic Criteria. Plasma glucose concentration... 

Excreted Glucose can only appear in the urine when the two lines drawn so far begin to separate so that less is reabsorbed than is filtered. This happens at 11 mmol.l-1 plasma glucose concentration. The line then rises parallel to the filtered line as plasma glucose continues to rise. 

P-cells are those present in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas that secrete insulin in response to an increase in the plasma glucose concentration. 

This discussion illustrates that glucose is not only a molecule of importance as a fuel or precursor but it is a remarkable signalling molecule, the effect of which is to maintain the blood concentration as constant as possible. For example, when glucose is absorbed, then a meal, the changes in the plasma glucose concentration are small... 

The meals were high in carbohydrate. Note the largest increase in plasma glucose concentration occurs after breakfast but is only a little 50%. Data kindly provided by Professor G. Dimitriadis. The National Diabetes Centre, Athens. 

Reduction in postprandial glucose concentrations Pramlintide administered subcutaneously immediately prior to a meal reduced plasma glucose concentrations after the meal when used with regular insulin or rapid-acting insulin analogs. 

Insulin For patients stabilized on insulin, continue the insulin dose upon initiation of rosiglitazone therapy. Dose rosiglitazone at 4 mg daily. Doses greater than 4 mg daily in combination with insulin are not currently indicated. It is recommended that the insulin dose be decreased 10% to 25% if the patient reports hypoglycemia or if fasting plasma glucose concentrations decrease to less than 100 mg/dL. 

Horak E, Sunderman FW Jr. 1975b. Effects of Ni(II), other divalent metal ions, and glucagon upon plasma glucose concentrations in normal, adrenalectomized and hypophysectomized rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 32 316-329. 

Mechanism of Action Aglucose elevating agent that promotes hepatic glycogenoly-sis, gluconeogenesis. Stimulates production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which results in increased plasma glucose concentration, smooth muscle relaxation, and an inotropic myocardial effect. Therapeutic Effect Increases plasma glucose level. 

Boron stimulated growth in Vitamin Dj-deflcient chicks. Supplemental dietary boron alleviated or corrected cholecalciferol dehciency-induced elevations in plasma glucose concentrations in chicks (Hunt 1994). There is no need to supplement the diets of laying hens with boron, provided that basal diets contained about 11 mg B/kg ration (Qin and Klandorf 1991). 

In a double-blind, randomized, crossover study in 10 healthy subjects, subcutaneous glucagon-like peptide-1 after a 16-hour fast caused a near five-fold rise in plasma insulin concentration and circulating plasma glucose concentrations fell below the reference range in all subjects... 

One subject had symptoms of hypoglycemia. A rise in pulse rate correlated with the fall in plasma glucose concentration and there was an increase in blood pressure. 

In a 6-month, multinational, open, parallel-group comparison of insulin detemir and protamine zinc insulin in 448 patients with type 1 diabetes, the two treatments produced comparable HbAlc concentrations and fasting plasma glucose concentrations with less within-subject variation in fasting blood glucose with insulin detemir (4). The risk of hypoglycemia was 22% lower with insulin detemir and 34% lower for nocturnal hypoglycemia. 

In 619 patients with type 1 diabetes treated with protamine zinc insulin and insulin lispro, randomized to once-daily insulin glargine or to once-daily or twice-daily protamine zinc insulin for 16 weeks in an open study, there was no difference in the frequency of hypoglycemic episodes, severe hypoglycemia, or HbAic (25). Fasting plasma glucose concentrations were lower with insulin glargine. 

Aspirin lowers plasma glucose concentrations in C-pep-tide-positive diabetic subjects and in normoglycemic persons (2). This is of no clinical significance. 

In an open study in seven men and four women taking olanzapine (mean daily dose 12 mg and mean treatment duration 23 months), although the mean fasting triglyceride concentrations and mean fasting plasma glucose concentrations were similar to those found in the previous study, the mean fasting insulin concentrations were lower (143 pmol/1 versus 228 pmol/1), and four of the subjects had hyperinsulinemia, compared with ten in the other study (869). However, the small sample sizes precluded any clear conclusions. 

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