Recombinant human insulins

Oral Inhalation Insulin Recombinant human Exubera Pfizer 1 mg = 10-20 0.5-1.5 6 1 mg, 3 mg blister packs... 

Human Insulin, Recombinant " " Human insulin was the first pharmacologically active biological macromol-eculc lo be produced through genetic engineering. The FDA approved the drug in 1982 for the treatment of type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes (.see Chapter 2S). The insulin protein is a two-chain polypeptide containing SI amino acid residues. Chain A is composed of 21 amino acid.s. and chain B con-... 

NPH Isophane Human Insulin Suspension. NPH isophane insulin, also called Humulin N, Insulatard NPH Human, or Novolin N is an intermediate-acting form of human insulin produced by recombinant DNA techniques. Mixtures Humulin 70/30 and Novolin 70/30 contain 70% NPH isophane and 30% regular, whereas Humulin 50/50 contains 50% NPH isophane and 50% regular. It is adrninistered subcutaneously and should not be given intravenously. Absorption is delayed because the insulin is conjugated with protamine in a complex of reduced isoelectric solubiUty. Therapeutically, this preparation is probably comparable to purified porcine NPH insulin. However, human NPH insulin may have a slightly shorter duration of action than comparable purified porcine products. 

Fahrner, R.L., Lester, P.M., Blank, G.S., and Reifsnyder, D. H., Non-flammable preparative reversed-phase liquid chromatography of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I, ]. Chromatogr. A, 830, 127, 1999. 

The expression of recombinant proteins in cells in which they do not naturally occur is termed heterologous protein production (Chapter 3). The first biopharmaceutical produced by genetic engineering to gain marketing approval (in 1982) was recombinant human insulin (tradename Humulin ), produced in E. coli. An example of a more recently approved biopharmaceutical that is produced in E. coli is that of Kepivance, a recombinant keratinocyte growth factor used to treat oral mucositis (Chapter 10). Many additional examples are provided in subsequent chapters. 

Such issues and concerns underpinned the development of recombinant human insulin products, now routinely used in the management of diabetes. 

Humulin Recombinant human insulin produced in E. coli Identical to native human insulin EliLilly 1982 (USA)... 

Actrapid/Velosulin/ Monotard/ Insulatard/ Protaphane/ Mixtard/ Actraphane/ All contain recombinant human insulin produced in S. cerevisiae formulated as short/ intermediate/long acting product) Identical to native human insulin Novo Nordisk 2002 (EU)... 

First-line therapy includes nutritional and exercise interventions for all women, and caloric restrictions for obese women. If nutritional intervention fails to achieve fasting plasma glucose levels less than or equal to 105 mg/dL, 1-hour post-prandial plasma glucose concentrations less than or equal to 155 mg/dL, or 2-hour postprandial levels less than or equal to 130 mg/dL, then therapy with recombinant human insulin should be instituted glyburide may be considered after 11 weeks of gestation. 

Examples of the early application of recombinant DNA technology in medicine are the development of recombinant human growth hormone human insulin human interferons, thought to have anticancer activity in addition to antiviral activity interleukins (regulatory proteins from lymphocytes that are believed to be important in the treatment of immunodeficiency diseases and cancer) tumor necrosis factor epidermal and bone marrow progenitor cell growth factors and the production of vaccines (Table 12.1). 

Larger quantities may be produced. Recombinant human insulin used to treat diabetics. 

Many successful protein products, including antibodies, have been marketed over the years for the treatment of a number of diseases. One of the oldest examples of a protein product is insulin, still one of the most successful drugs after 70-80 years of its discovery. Early insulin preparations, derived from natural sources, are being replaced by recombinant human insulin preparations and new formulations are being marketed that provide a more gradual and continuous release profile and maximise glucose control in diabetic patients. " ... 

Insulin lispro - fast-acting, recombinant human Diabetes... 

Mixing pramlintide and insulin The pharmacokinetic parameters of pramlintide were altered when mixed with regular, NPH, and 70/30 premixed formulations of recombinant human insulin immediately prior to injection. Thus, pramlintide and insulin should not be mixed and must be administered separately. 

Human insulin (crb) recombinant human insulin in which A- and B-chains are expressed separately in bacteria... 

Human insulin (pyr) recombinant human insulin produced in yeast Insulin B.P.jEur.P.jUSP insulin of bovine or porcine origin... 

Human insulin B.P.jEur.P. insulin of human sequence produced either by enzymatic modification of porcine insulin or by recombinant DNA technology... 

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