Plants Utility power

Locklin. D. W., Hazard, H. R., Bloom, S. G., and Nack, H., Power Plant Utilization of Coal, A Battelle Energy Program Report, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, September 1974. 

Utility Data Institute. (1994). Electric Utility Power Plant Construction Costs. Washington DC Utility Data Institute. 

The following sections describe the various compliance options for controlling emissions from utility power plants. 

For example, sulfur emissions from utility power plants in the United States are subject to an emissions cap and an allowance-trading system established under the Clean Air Act. An effective cap on annual sulfur dioxide emissions took effect in 2000, so no more than 8.95 million tons of SO can be emitted annually. Utilities that want to build another coal plant must purchase sulfur emission allowances from others who do not need them. This system provides a market incentive for utilities to reduce their sulfur emissions as long as the cost of such reductions is less than the price of purchasing the allowances. 

Bolton, H. R. and Ray, N. J., Non-Utility Power Generation Steam Plant. Inst. Mech. Eng. (1989)... 

Very large, modem WT boilers with sophisticated heat-recovery auxiliaries may attain efficiencies approaching 88 to 90%. However, the overall efficiency of a fossil fuel utility power generation plant system falls to only 32 to 38% when the efficiency of electricity generation and condenser cooling is included. Nevertheless, it only requires 10% more in fuel costs to operate a boiler at 1,250 psig than... 

Utility power boilers Most modem plants usually operate at over 1,500 to 2,000 psig and feature some of the most complex engineering available in the world. Older plants may operate at only, say, 450 to 950 psig. 

Power boilers typically produce one kWh of electricity for every 8,500 to 9,500 Btu (8,968-10,023 kJ) gross fuel input, providing a net thermal efficiency of 34 to 40%. (As a rule, utility power plants are seldom more than 34 to 36% efficient, although some modem designs may go as high as 40%.)... 

Although the complexity of operating an average industrial boiler plant (with perhaps only two or three FT boilers) cannot be compared to that of a large utility power generating station, the potential for waterside problems, while different, may be just as difficult to control. As an example, consider some differences between a utility and a factory. 

NOTE As a consequence of the different kinds of operational and management problems associated with raising steam in industrial boiler plants, it often requires a different mindset than that needed for a base-load utility power house, where personnel strive to maintain steady-state (but knife-edge) operating conditions. The differences between industrial plants and power generators is also reflected in the waterside chemistries and monitoring and control objectives of their respective boiler plant systems. 

Feedwater heaters also may be considered as BOP equipment (with the exception of economizers), especially in utility power plants. Blowdown receivers and flash steam and heat recovery (FSHR) also may be considered BOP equipment. 

All large industrial WT and power boiler plants utilize deaerators and supplement the DO removal process by means of a suitable chemical oxygen scavenger. Many midsize factories operating FT boilers or FT-WT boiler combinations also employ mechanical deaeration. This is especially common in the United States, Germany, and several other industrialized countries where boiler design custom and practice virtually dictate that a deaerator be included in almost every midsize and larger boiler plant facility. 

NOTE This book is not primarily intended for nuclear or utility power plant facilities, which often require ultrapure water of even higher specifications than those discussed in this chapter. Reaching the highest possible levels of purity requires additional controls, use of nitrogen blankets, submicron filters, and point-of-use polishers. 

The fuel eell is a nineteenth eentuiy invention in the twentieth eentury it heeame the heart of an eleetroehemical power plant and power souree, whieh is now in a stage of advaneed technology development. Its first and only applieation since the early 1960s, has been as an auxiliary power souree for spaee flights by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). During the past decade, development for terrestrial (eivihan and defense) applieations has led to its commercialization and research on utilization in a variety of applications. Programs in the United States, Japan, Europe, and some other eoimtries are focused on the development of fuel cell power plant/power sources for (1) base-load,... 

Kamimura, S., and T. Toita, 2004. Concept of Electric Power Output Control System for Atomic Power Generation Plant Utilizing Cool energy of Stored Snow. Presented... 

In spite of the fact that all elements of the systems of production, conversion, transportation and consumption of energy are improving continuously, the growth of national incomes calls for an appropriate growth in the utilization of energy. This can be attained through an increased production of fuel and construction of new and more efficient power plants, pipelines, power transmission lines and so on. 

Power plant Utilities Reactor area Centrifuge drying area Extruder area Automatic bagging area... 

Chu, P and D.B. Porcella. 1995. Mercury stack emissions from U.S. electric utility power plants. Water Air Soil Pollut. 80 135-144. 

A diagnostic system for the steam system chemistry of utility power plants is described. It is an expert system which accepts data from a monitoring system and generates... 

Fig. 3.5 Schematic of biogas plant utilizing cow dung 1 Compost storage, 2 pump, 3 internal heater, 4 digester, 5 combustor, 6-8 power generator...

EPA 1988. US Environmental Protection Agency Report to Congress Wastes from the Combustion of Coal by Electric Utility Power Plants. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC. Report No. EPA/530-SW-88-002. 

CAAA Impact on Nonutility Power Producers. The S02 and NO regulations being implemented as part of the CAAA of 1990 primarily target electric utility power plants. However, under Phase II of the CAAA, nonutility power producers will be required to acquire emissions allowances for any S02 being emitted from new facilities. Although industrial emitters of S02 and NO are not directly affected, the EPA did undertake a study to estimate what contribution industrial producers have on annual estimated S02 production in the United States (10). The report found that annual industrial S02 emissions would remain below the predetermined critical limit of 5.6 x 106 tons/yr until at least 2015 (10). Thus, the agency recommended no new controls for industrial S02 emissions at this time. 

The combined cycle is also applicable to dedicated power production. When the steam from the waste heat boiler is fed to a condensing turbine, overall conversion efficiencies of fuel to electricity in excess of 50% can be achieved. A few public utility power plants use this cycle, but in general utilities have been slow to convert to gas turbines. Most electricity is generated by the cycle shown in Figures 5d and 6d. 

When coal is used in electricity generation, the heat is used to create steam, which is then used to power turbine generators. Approximately 40% of Earth s current electricity production is powered by coal, and the total known deposits recoverable by current technologies are sufficient for at least 300 years of use. Modem coal power plants utilize a variety of techniques to limit the harmfulness of their waste products and to improve the efficiency of burning, although these techniques are not widely implemented in some countries, as they add to the capital cost of the power plant. 

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