Cooling energy

During summer. Fig. S. 6a, there is a need for cooling in the occupied zone (area up to 2 m from the floor level) rhus it is desirable to apply the stratification strategy with vertical temperature and contaminant stratification in the hall in order ro save cooling energy costs. This can be done, for example, by using a low-impulse air supply with the devices at the floor level. 

When dark roofs are heated by the sun, they directly raise summertime building cooling demand. For highly absorptive (low-albedo) roofs, the surface/ambient air temperature difference may be 50°C (90°F), while for less absorptive (high-albedo) surfaces with similar insu-lative properties (e.g., white-coated roofs), the difference is only about 10°C (18 F), which means that cool surfaces can effectively reduce cooling-energy use. 

Researchers have simulated the impact of the urbanwidc application ot reflective roofs on cooling-energy use and smog in the Los Angeles Basin. They... 

There are other benefits associated with urban trees. These include improvement in life quality increased property values and decreased rain run-off and hence flood protection. Trees also directly sequester atmospheric COj, but the direct sequestration of CO, is less than one-fourth of the emission reduction from savings in cooling-energy use. 

Cool surfaces (cool roofs and cool pavements) and urban trees can reduce urban air temperature and hence can reduce cooling-energy use and smog. A... 

Akbari, H. Kurn, D. Taha, H. Bretz, S. and Hanford, J. (1997). Peak Power and Cooling Energy Savings of Shade Trees. Energy and Buildings 25(2) 139-148. 

Research has shown that if all new windows sold in warmer U.S. regions had low-solar gam coatings, cooling energy use could be reduced by 25 percent in 2010 if residential windows m all parts of the United States had these coatings, heating energy use would... 

Sullivan, R., and Selkowitz, S. (1987). Residential Heating and Cooling Energy Cost Implications Associated wath Window Type. ASHRAE Transactions 93(1) 1525—1539. 

Bubble behaviour was studied in the pilot-scale bioreactor so that a complete model of flow, OTR, mixing, cooling, energy requirement and disengagement could be developed for this system and larger production-scale vessels of similar type. 

Lower temperature increase during mixing phases and therefore a bigger cooling energy to power supply ratio... 

The usable cooling energy content of the cubic meter of ice is about 100 kWh. Therefore, the cost avoidance based on Canadian commercial electricity rates was about 5- 50 per cubic meter of ice. Farmers pay about 25 per cubic meter for delivered ice used in harvesting operations. Fishermen pay about 10 per cubic meter for ice made in large quantifies, and cube ice sold primarily in summer for chilling of drinks sells for an equivalent of about 200 per cubic meter. Cost considerations led to an initial cost goal of 120 (1979 ) per cubic meter of ice [11],... 

Keywords snow, cooling, energy storage, renewable energy, pilot plant, operation... 

Kamimura, S., and T. Toita, 2004. Concept of Electric Power Output Control System for Atomic Power Generation Plant Utilizing Cool energy of Stored Snow. Presented... 

The well water cooling system provides a cooling energy of 150 MWh per year and needs about 10 MWh of electrical energy. A conventional vapor compression system would need about 50 MWh of electrical energy per year. 

Heikkila K. (2008). Environmental evaluation of an air-conditioning system supplied by cooling energy from a bore-hole based heat pump system. Building and Environment, 43(1) 51-61. 

Schneider, E.D. and Sagan, D. (2005). Into the Cool-Energy Flow, Thermodynamics and Life. The... 

Temperature and humidity are controlled to ensure worker comfort and product quality. When excessive exhaust occurs, the supply system would need to supply more outside air than the minimum required for proper ventilation, resulting in more heating and cooling energy. 

M. Brower, Cool Energy,MTV Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1992, p. 151. 

---