Plant layout, references

For example, referring to Table 3.4, significant blast resulting in near-total destmction of the plant buildings has occurred with releases of fewer than 20,000 lb. (9,000 kg) of flammable material (Ref. 15). On the other hand, depending upon the materials handled, the process conditions, and the plant layout (with no confinement or congestion), releases of greater than 20,000 lb. (9,000 kg) of such material may have little potential for blast effects. 

For the Equipment Safety Subindex the process plant area is divided into two different areas, which have different safety properties. The onsite area is the area where the raw materials are converted into the products. This is referred as the inside battery limits area (ISBL). This area is characterized by large number of equipment and piping located in a concentrated way in a small area. The rest of the plant is referred as the offsite or outside battery limits area (OSBL). The offsite area is characterized by large inventories of fluids, which are often flammable and/or toxic. The number of equipment in OSBL area is smaller but their size larger than in the ISBL area. The layout is much more scattered in OSBL than in ISBL which is to enhance safety. 

The choice of a fixed historical reference period to describe plant production levels turned out to be inappropriate in a number of cases including plant opening, production halts longer than a year due to special circumstances (e.g. the intervention of public authorities, ownership disputes) and significant structural interventions on the installation s technical layout. Redefining the historical reference period easily solved the first two cases for new plants the reference... 

Reference Markers. Plant layout on the site requires a starting or reference point after the exact location of the property has been determined by permanent property markers already established or by independent survey of a local surveying firm. Markers are usually large-diameter capped steel pipe set in concrete, located outside the construction area, so that directional and elevation data can be taken relative to these permanent posts. One marker is called the zero corner point and all measurements start from there. Plant north and its relation to true north are next set up so that master plot plans can be oriented to the plant site and surveying stakes located in the working area. 

Physical separation and layout of plant components REFERENCES ANNEX SAFETY FUNCTIONS FOR BWRs, PWRs AND PRESSURE TUBE REACTORS GLOSSARY... 

The procedure described in Section 6 should be followed to identify any differences between the safety status of a nuclear power plant and current safety standards and practices (a reference level used for comparison). Some differences may actually be strengths because the safety status of a plant on particular issues may be better than for current standards and practices. The procedure does not require that a nuclear power plant meet all current standards however, practicable improvements should be made as steps towards meeting them. It is recognized that some safety features, such as current seismic features, cannot easily be backfitted, and some design aspects, such as plant layout, are difficult to modify. For these cases, the procedure requires that the risk associated with the shortcomings be assessed and that a justification for continued plant operation be provided. 

A number of different plant layouts integrating hydrogen membrane reformers have been proposed in the literature. The main characteristics of these plants are reported in Table 10.2. Due to the wide variety of proposed layouts and design assumptions, it is difficult to obtain a clear indication of their relative thermodynamic performance. Efficiencies between 43% and 53% are reported, corresponding to penalties of 5-10% points with respect to the reference technologies without CO2 capture note that the extent of CO2 capture is -100% in cases where high selectivity dense membranes are used and no natural gas external firing is adopted. 

Towers, also referred to as columns, are one of the principal pieces of equipment of any processing facility. Towers are cylindrical steel vessels that are used for distilling raw materials in the produaion of such products as gasoline, diesel, and heating oil. The plant layout designer must understand the internal structure of a tower and how it operates to produce a satisfactory design. ... 

Variations of pipe fittings, catch basins, sewer boxes, trenches, sumps, and lift stations are only a sample of what a plant layout designer encounters in the development of an underground piping system. Available vendor data for fittings, catch basins, and sewer boxes must be used as a reference. Typical cast iron fittings are shown in Exhibit 13-39. The list of labels for these... 

In reference [1] also, preliminary costing calculations were presented for a hypothetical plant in which a 10 wt % broth of ethanol in water was extracted to give an 80 wt % product using liquid CO2 at 25°C as extractant. The plant layout was similar to that in Figure 10.3. Extraction took place at 65 bar with pressure reduction in the solute recovery unit to 50 bar. 

Fixed charges on capital investment. Dircd construction costs. The estimated costs of equipment, installation of equipment, and construction are based on the plant layouts for the two reference designs evaluated in this study. Construction and erection costs of all items, as well as direct materials costs for those components manufactured by the Babcock Wilcox Company, were developed by B W estimators. Delivered costs of equipment supplied by manufacturers other than B W were taken from vendors quotations. 

In the discussion of process and equipment design given in the previous chapters no reference was made to the plant site. A suitable site must be found for a new project, and the site and equipment layout planned. Provision must be made for the ancillary buildings and services needed for plant operation and for the environmentally acceptable disposal of effluent. These subjects are discussed briefly in this chapter. 

BayAPS PP has been extended to cover the requirements that were described above. Last but not least the easy to use Excel interface of BayAPS PP led to an interesting idea of a user The end-user can create a report writer based on simple Excel formulas. These Excel formulas such as VLOOKUP reference and combine information from several BayAPS PP sheets and present it to the user as a list in the traditional layout known to the personal in the production plant. 

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