Plants references

Comparison ofthe Plant Concepts To be able to compare the pipeless plant concept with the existing multipurpose batch plant, a reference plant was modelled using PPSiM. In the existing plant three conventional batch mixers work in a shifted parallel fashion. The three batch mixers were modelled by three stations and equipped with all technical functions necessary for the production of all recipes. Therefore each batch could be processed at one of the stations and the vessel transfers were limited to the transportation of empty or loaded vessels. All the other parameters of the model, e.g., charging mass flows, the durations of vessel cleanings and the recipes remained unchanged. 

In order to be able to compare the production times of the reference plant with the pipeless plant (in basic configuration 2), the following production plans were simulated ... 

Fig. 3.8 PPSiM Gantt Chart of the reference plant (scenario R2).

Manning at a number of reference plants was extensively evaluated in order to arrive at the lowest level on the new plants. The Sydney plant will have a shift manning of three per shift and Melbourne an additional one per shift owing to the chlorinated paraffin plant (both based on a five-shift roster). Maintenance will be largely contracted out, with Orica providing personnel for planning and specialised maintenance only. 

Minimum plant manning by comparison with the reference plants. 

The Orica team again visited each of the three short-listed suppliers and their reference plants. 

Economies of scale of production are taken into account according to the following formula, with l and I2 and C and C2, respectively, denoting the (absolute) investments and capacities of the reference plants investments typically scale according to a so-called extrapolation coefficient, which from experience is between 0.5 and 0.7 (Chauvel el al., 1976). Further, to project investments into the future, learning curve effects are considered.4... 

A. A. Momen, G. A. Zachariadis, A. N. Anthemidis and J. A. Stratis, Optimisation and comparison of two digestion methods for multielement analysis of certified reference plant materials by ICP-AES. Application of Plackett-Burman and central composite designs, Microchim. Acta, 160(4), 2008, 397-403. 

Recoveries of molybdenum obtained by the nitric acid-hydrogen peroxide digestion procedure ranged from 96.4 2.9% for lettuce to 100.9 5.4% for beet leaves compared to 101.1 5.2% for lettuce to 98.8 4.95 for beet leaves obtained by dry oxidation. Recoveries obtained for reference plant materials are listed in Table 7.3. 

Table 7.3. Recovery of molybdenum from reference plant materials (from [47])...

Some results obtained on NBS standard reference plant materials are listed in Table 7.5. 

These three new components operate in combination with the other PCU components as follows. The heat removed by the boiler of Figure 6 is heat that would otherwise be removed by the pre-cooler and intercooler. Since the temperature needed going into the hot side of the boiler is above the helium inlet temperature into these coolers in the reference plant (by about 80°C), the auxiliary recuperator provides the step up in temperature needed. To maintain a constant temperature drop from hot to cold side in the recuperators along their lengths to preserve maximum efficiency, an auxiliary compressor is introduced. It provides a rise in temperature that matches the temperature drop across the auxiliary recuperator. To maintain the same flow rate in the PCU the work done by the HP and LP compressors is reduced by the amount of work done by the auxiliary compressor. 

Table 9-1. Elemental concentrations in Reference Plant . Modified from Markert (1992). Values in pg g 1 except where % shown.

Installations The Distapex process is applied in more than 25 reference plants. 

To examine the sequence II — III, two groups of whole plants of M. cordata were used, namely, ones grown under hydroponic culture in the presence of c -[V-C H3]tetrahydroberberinium salt and reference plants grown under hydroponic culture but without the radioactive compound. Every few days after administration, the liquid in alkaloid cells of the root was removed by a micro-aspiratoscope and subjected to mass fragmentography (MF). Four peaks, namely, at m/z 369 (M+ for allocryptopine), 370 ([M -I- 1]+ for allocryptopine), 372 (M+ for [V-C Hj]allocryptopine), and 373 ([M -t- 1]+ for [V-C HjJallocrypto-... 

Sturm, K., Liaw, V., and Thacker, S. Beyond the 2002 ChevronTexaco coal IGCC reference plant. Presented at the Gasification Technologies Conference. San Francisco, CA, October 2003. http // www.gasification.org/Docs/Conferences/2003/21STUR.pdf (accessed October 2003). 

Sugar Cardiac glycoside References Plant sourcef Other glycosides References... 

When evaluating the best agglomeration method for a new application, references in the literature or in industry should be researched first. Even if a seemingly suitable reference plant is operating successfully elsewhere, the new application should be freshly evaluated because small variations in, for example, feed characteristics, may require a different approach. At the very least, operating parameters, productivity, and product quality must be newly determined. 

While As, Cu and Ti were in the range of the reference plant , the elements Cr, Fe, Pb, V and Zn showed rather high negative deviations. Pentace adenophora showed a rather high zinc concentration (64.99 mg/kg dry weight) when compared to other species (Table 2), however, a rather normal value compared to the reference plant . Co, Mn and Ni showed positive deviations with a striking 3160% for Co, which is clearly attributed to the high concentrations found in four species (Table 2). 

The comparison of the overall mean concentrations with the reference plant , which is based on concentrations of plants from Central Europe and North America revealed substantial differences. A striking positive deviation was found for Co with 3160%. This is clearly attributed to the accumulative characteristic for Co occurring in four species, i.e. S. mollis, K. laevigatum, T. sp. nov. aff. ionthocarpus and A. borneense. All other species showed cobalt concentrations in the range of the refer-... 

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