Plant Gas System

The plant gas system provides hydrogen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas to the plant systems, as required. Other gases such as oxygen, methane, acetylene and argon are supplied in smaller individual containers, and are not supplied by the plant gas system. 

No design requirements associated with maintaining safety functions are placed on the plant gas system. 

Table 30.2 Typical acid plant gas system materials of constmction... 

Owing to the cycHc nature of the TBRC operation, waste heat recovery from the off-gases is not practical and the SO2 content of the gas varies with the converter cycle. In order to supply a relatively uniform flow and strength SO2 gas to a sulfuric acid plant, a system has been installed at RonnskAr whereby the SO2 from fluctuating smelter gases is partially absorbed in water. During smelter gas intermption, SO2 is stripped with air and the concentrated gas deflvered to the acid plant. 

Sulfonation Plant Operations and Gas Effluent. Standards governing U.S. sulfonation plant gas effluents differ depending on whether or not the plant is equipped with a H2SO4 scmbbing system for adsorption of SO gas (see Fig. 3). The installation of the SO adsorber system qualifies the plant as a sulfuric production plant which has stringent regulations. Limitations and typical effluent from the sulfonation system are as follows ... 

Helium and Natural-Gas Systems Separation Helium is produced primarily by separation of hehum-rich natural gas. The hemim content of the natural gas from plants operated by the U.S. Bureau of Mines normally has varied from 1 to 2 percent while the nitrogen content of the natural gas has varied from 12 to 80 percent. The remainder of the natural gas is methane, ethane, and heavier hydrocarbons. 

Forklift Trucks The backbone of most in-plant handhng systems in the chemical industry is the forklift truck. Available in capacities ranging from 1 to 50 tons, the most commonly used are 1-, 1.5-, and 2-ton vehicles, with the 3-ton unit occasionally being used (Fig. 21-54). The trucks are usually powered by internal-coiTibustion engines that consume liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or by electricity by means of storage Batteries. 

The gas turbine is a complex system. A typical control system with hierarchic levels of automation is shown in Figure 19-3. The control system at the plant level consists of a D-CS system, which in many new installations is connected to a condition monitoring system and an optimization system. The D-CS system is what is considered to be a plant level system and is connected to the three machine level systems. It can, in some cases, also be connected to functional level systems such as lubrication systems and fuel handling systems. In those cases, it would give a signal of readiness from those systems to the machine level systems. The condition monitoring system... 

Gas plants are integrated tower systems intended to recover LPG range material and separate it from naphtha products. This stabilizes the naphtha and reduces its vapor pressure. The LPG material may either be saturate gases going to LPG or unsaturates going to further processing. Gas plants on preflash and atmospheric crude processing units are saturate gas plants. Gas plants on FCC units are unsaturate gas plants. Coker and visbreaker gas plants are somewhere between the two. 

Scale-up techniques for using the results of pilot plant or bench scale test w ork to establish the equivalent process results for a commercial or large scale plant mixing system design require careful specialized considerations and usually are best handled by the mixer manufacturer s specialist. The methods to accomplish scale-up will vary considerably, depending on whether the actual operation is one of blending, chemical reaction tvith product concentrations, gas dispersions, heat transfer, solids suspensions, or others. 

Siemens-Westinghouse Power Corporation, of Pittsburgh, PA, with a subcontract to Allison Engine Company, evaluated a pressurized solid oxide fuel cell coupled with conventional gas turbine technology without a steam plant. The system was operated at a pressure of 7 atm. The fuel cell generated 16 MW of power and the gas turbine generated 4 MW of power. The process showed 67 % efficiency as developed. An efficiency of 70 % is deemed achievable with improvement in component design. The COE is predicted to be comparable to present day alternatives. NOx levels were less than 1 ppm. 

From a technological point of view, solid/gas systems offer very high production rates for minimal plant sizes, significant reduction of treated volumes, and simplified downstream processes. 

Further facility modifications were needed to accommodate field gas handling. An agreement was negotiated to provide for balancing unit gas production between the two nonunit gas plants. This required connections between the plant gas gathering systems and continuous monitoring of produced gas streams to balance volumes. 

The system comprises also, reduction and mixing plants and other facilities necessary for the transport and dispatch of gas. In accordance with resolution number 120/01 ("Definition of criteria for the determination of rates for natural gas transport and dispatch and for the use of LNG terminals and the reservation of capacity"), the Snam Rete Gas system is divided into two parts National Gas Pipeline Network (7,896 km), and Regional Gas Pipeline Network (21,711 km) as shown on Figure 1. 

During the last three decades, the Norwegian transportation system has been developed from a single pipeline system (Norpipe system) into a complex interconnected network, as shown in Figure 1. New transportation-and treatment capacity has gradually been added and the network comprises today rich and dry gas pipelines, compressor stations, riser platforms and two onshore gas treatment plants. The system is by now the world s most comprehensive integrated offshore gas transportation network. 

The problem is to do optimization of the zinc ore floatation procedure, in a lab plant. The system factors are xj-pressure of gas for barbotation of pulp, at x2-time of extraction under pressure, min x3-consumption of butylxanthogenate, g/t and x4-consumption of blue vitriol, g/t. As system response, these parameters have been measured y,-quality of concentrate, % and y2-percentage of separation, %. The outcomes of simplex optimization are given in Table 2.220. 

Coke oven gas consists mainly of a mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide. It is contaminated with a variety of organic and inorganic compounds that have to be separated in absorption columns before its further use as a synthesis gas. The selective absorption of coke plant gas contamination results from a complex system of parallel liquid-phase reactions. Instantaneous reversible reactions ... 

Shown in Figure 10, this ammonia plant is a major part of the overall fertilizer site complex. Other major facilities include urea plant, steam system, and cooling water system. Most of the ammonia is used to make granulated urea product. The other raw material for urea synthesis is C02 from the C02 capture system in the ammonia plant, supplemented with a small stream from an adjacent business. The ammonia production and the C02 available from the ammonia plant are never precisely in balance, in part because of the overall stoichiometric yields of ammonia and C02 from the natural gas feedstock. C02 is the limiting feedstock for the urea plant and its production rate in the ammonia plant sets the urea plant production rate since there is no intermediate C02 storage to buffer the urea production from the C02 production rate. Ammonia that is produced in excess of that which is used to make urea... 

Electric power distribution Fuel oil and fuel gas facilities Water supply and disposal Plant air systems Fire protection systems... 

Water is a crucial part of the three-phase, solid-liquid-gas system making up soil. It is the solvent of the soil solution (see Section 2.6) and is the basic transport medium for carrying plant nutrients from solid soil particles into plant roots and to the farthest reaches of the plant s leaf structure (Figure 2.8). The water enters the atmosphere from the plant s leaves, a process called transpiration. Large quantities of water are required for the production of most plant materials. 

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