Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Peptide. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)... 

J (339), a 28-amino acid peptide, is a member of a family of stmctuially related peptides that includes secretin [1393-25-5] (340), growth hormone releasing factor (GRF), and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) [137061(341) (83). 

Zhang XC, Zhang YQ, Zhao ZQ (2005) Involvement of nitric oxide in long-term potentiation of spinal nociceptive responses in rats. NeuroReport 16 1197-1201 Zhang Y, Malmberg AB, Sjolund B, Yaksh TL (1996) The effect of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) on the nodceptive formalin test. Neurosci Lett 207 187-190... 

Peptide neurotransmitters and hormones are collectively termed neuropeptides. Neuropeptides typically consist of small peptides of approximately 3 0 residues. Several neuropeptides and several of their regulatory functions are listed these neuropeptides and others function in multiple roles as physiological regulators (too numerous to hst in this short table). Ahhreviations are adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), a-melanoc)de stimulating hormone (a-MSH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP). 

PCAP pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide. PCAP(6-38) (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (6-38)(human, ovine, rat)) is an antagonist of PCAP, a VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST with highest affinity at the PACAP subtype. 

PCAP-27 pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide. 

VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE RECEPTOR AGONISTS act at receptors recognizing vasoactive intestinal peptide (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide VIP) and other members of a family of peptides that have some pharmacological actions in common, which has led to a proposed family of receptors. These peptides include VIP, helodermin, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PCAP), peptide histidine isoleucineamide (PHI) and peptide histidine methionamide (PHM). 

Finally, peptides such as galanin, leptin, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) have been identified in various areas of the CNS. These and other peptides may affect various CNS functions, either by acting directly as neurotransmitters or by acting as cotransmitters moderating the effects of other neurotransmitters.7 24,27,34... 

Delgado, M., Ganea, D. (2000). Vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating pol q)eptide inhibit the MEKK1/MEK4/JNK signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated macrophages. J. Neuroimmunol. 110 97-105. 

Macrophages/DCs and lymphocytes express a variety of adrenergic receptors. Increased concenh ations of NE or dopamine can modulate T cells polarization toward Th2 profile, stimulate IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 secretion (Kohm and Sanders, 2001). The same Th2 polarization can be induced by histamine, serotonin, neuropeptides such as substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and leptin (Steinman, 2004). 

Delgado M, Leceta J, GomarizRP, GaneaD (1999) Vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide stimulate the induction of Th2 responses by up-regulating B7.2 expression. J Immunol 163 3629—3635. 

Additional regulatory peptides identified by immunohistochemistry in NEB cells of human and animal lungs include cholecystokinin (31), substance P (32), endothelin (33), and somatostatin (34). A minor subpopulation of PNEC or NEB was found to express peptide YY (35), helodermin (36), and pituitary adenyl cyclase-activating protein (37). The function of these peptides in O2 sensing by NEB cells or in lung physiology in general has not been defined. 

The above-described data show that CRF added to cells of the rat Intermediate lobe In culture causes a rapid stimulation of oe-MSH release and cyclic AMP accumulation, thus demonstrating a direct action of the peptide on pars intermedia cells (15). It is however difficult, using intact cells, to dissociate between increases in cyclic AMP levels due to stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity or to Inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase or to a combination of both effects. Definitive proof of the role of adenylate cyclase In the action of CRF In the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland is provided by the following findings of a CRF-lnduced stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity in homogenate of rat and bovine pars Intermedia cells. 

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