Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide

Pataki et al. showed that apomorphine and bromocriptine enhanced the elevation of body temperature induced by pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in rats and observed that hyperthermia was antagonized by haloperidol, suggesting the involvement of the dopaminergic system (100). 

Pataki I, Adamik A, Jaszberenyi M, Macsai M, Telegdy G. Involvement of transmitters in pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-induced hyperthermia. 

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is expressed in the retina exclusively within the RGCs of the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT), and melanopsin was found to co-localize with PACAP in the retina (Hannibal et al... 

Hannibal J, Hindersson P, Knudsen SM, Georg B, Fahrenkrug J 2002 The photopigment melanopsin is exclusively present in pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-containing retinal ganglion cells of the retinohypothalamic tract. J Neurosci 22 RC191... 

Finally, peptides such as galanin, leptin, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) have been identified in various areas of the CNS. These and other peptides may affect various CNS functions, either by acting directly as neurotransmitters or by acting as cotransmitters moderating the effects of other neurotransmitters.7 24,27,34... 

Wei Y, Mojsov S. Tissue specific expression of different human receptor types for pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide implications for their role in human physiology. J Neuroendocrinol 1996 8 811-817. 

Agarwal, A., Halvorson, L.M., and Legradi, G. (2005) Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) mimics neuroendocrine and behavioral manifestations of stress Evidence for PKA-mediated expression of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) gene. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 29 138 45-57. 

Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP)... 

Mabuchi T, Matsumura S, Okuda-Ashitaka E, Kitano T, Kojima H, Nagano T, Minami T, Ito S (2003) Attenuation of neuropathic pain by the nociceptin/orphanin FQ antagonist JTC-801 is mediated by inhibition of nitric oxide production. Eur J Neurosci 17 1384-1392 Mabuchi T, Shintani N, Matsumura S, Okuda-Ashitaka E, Hashimoto H, Muratani T, Minami T, Baba A, Ito S (2004) Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide is required for the development of spinal sensitization and induction of neuropathic pain. J Neurosci 24 7283-7291... 

Ohsawa M, Brailoiu GC, Shiraki M, Dun NJ, Paul K, Tseng LF (2002) Modulation of nodceptive transmission by pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide in the spinal cord of the... 

Shimizu T, Katahira M, Sugawara H, Inoue K, Miyata A (2004) Diverse effects of intrathecal pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide on nociceptive transmission in mice spinal cord. Regul Pept 123 117-122... 

PACAP pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide... 

Somogyvari-Vigil A, Pan W, Reglodi D, Kastin AJ, Arimura A (2000) Effect of middle cerebral artery occulsion on the passage of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide across the blood-brain banier in the rat. Regul Pept 91 89—95. 

Macrophages/DCs and lymphocytes express a variety of adrenergic receptors. Increased concenh ations of NE or dopamine can modulate T cells polarization toward Th2 profile, stimulate IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 secretion (Kohm and Sanders, 2001). The same Th2 polarization can be induced by histamine, serotonin, neuropeptides such as substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and leptin (Steinman, 2004). 

Delgado M, Leceta J, GomarizRP, GaneaD (1999) Vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide stimulate the induction of Th2 responses by up-regulating B7.2 expression. J Immunol 163 3629—3635. 

LPS increases the transport of cisplatin, insulin, and the HIV-1 viral coat glycoprotein gpl20, but not of TNF or pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (Banks et al., 1999 Minami et al, 1998 Nonaka et al., 2005 Osburg et al., 2002 Xaio et al., 2001). LPS affects leptin transport (Nonaka et al., 2004) through peripheral mechanisms and increases pituitary adenylate cylcase activating polypeptide binding to receptors on the BBB but does not alter transport. CNS injuries such as ischemia or trauma to the spinal cord induce a cascade of events, which can affect the transport of neuroimmune substances across the BBB as discussed below. 

Banks WA, Kastin AJ, Komaki G, Arimura A (1993) Passage of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 1-27 and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 1-38 across the blood-brain barrier. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 267 690-696. 

Martinez C> Delgado M, Gomariz RP, Ganea, D. Vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-38 inhibit IL-10 production in murine T lymphocytes. J Immuno 1996 156 4128-36. 

Geng, L. and Ju, G. [The discovery of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its research progress]. Sheng li ke xue jin zhan Prog. Physiol. 28(1) 29-34, PMID 10921074, 2000. 

In another study, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) was successfully delivered via the buccal mucosa of pigs. The formulation consisted of a polymeric matrix of thio-lated chitosan, an enzyme inhibitor, and a permeation enhancer, and it was applied directly onto the buccal mucosa of healthy pigs. After the 6 h long experiments, formulations containing thiolated chitosan needed to be removed from the buccal mucosa, while formulations containing unmodified chitosan detached 4 h after application. This corroborated the high mucoadhesive characteristic reported previously for thiolated chitosan. ... 

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